Circular Functions

Lesson 8b
UNIT CIRCLE AND

L7a -- Sequences and Series 2

 The Unit Circle
A circle with radius of 1
Equation x2 + y2 = 1
0,1
cos , sin  

 1,0 
1,0

0,1
The Unit Circle with Radian Measures

2
 Degree vs Radian
To measure an angle we can another unit besides
degree
Another unit to measure angle is the
radian
Radian is the central angle that
intercepts an arc whose length is the
same as the radius.
 O 
r=1
1 radian

Arc length = 1

The circle has radius equals 1. The central of the

circle that intercepts the arc with length 1 is equal
to 1 radian
Use the same reason, if the radius is 2 units then the
central angle equals 1 radian when the intercepted
arc is also 2 units
One circle = 360° (degrees)
One circle = 2π radians
-----------------------------------
1π radians = 180°

90  /2 radians

270  3/2 radians
 The rules for conversion of degree & radian
Degree to radian Radian to degree
 180
x  x 
180 
Convert 75 to radian in terms of 

75 5
75   
180 180 12
36
8 8 180 
Convert 5 to degree   8  36  288
5 
 Convert into degree

1.
10 18

2.
2
5 72

3
3.
135
4
11
4. 330
6
 Convert into radian 4
1. 240
3

10
2. 200
9
 11
3. -396 5

25
4. 500
9
ANGLES IN STANDARD POSITION, COTERMINAL
ANGLES, AND REFERENCE ANGLES

L7a -- Sequences and Series 11

 a rm
in al
m
t er
Angles in Standard q
Position initial arm
standard position non-standard position
y y
m
ar
al
in
m
t er

q q
x q x
initial arm 0º
 y

Positive angles

rotate counterclockwise ex: 80º

q x

y
Negative angles

rotate clockwise x
q
ex: –120º
 y
Quadrants 90º
quadrant angle II I
I 0º < q < 90º x
180º 0º
II 90º < q < 180º
III 180º < q < 270º III IV
IV 270º < q < 360º
270º
 y

Example:
P(x, y)
Let P(x, y) be a point on the terminal arm of
an angle in standard position.
q1 x

Point P can be anywhere in the x-y plane.

q1 is in quadrant II.
y
90º < q1 < 180º

270º < q2 < 360º q2

x
q2 is in quadrant IV.

P(x, y)
 y

q3 = 180º P(x, y) q3
x

q3 lies in the negative x-axis.

The principal angle is the angle between 0º and 360º.

The related acute angle is the angle formed by y

the terminal arm of an angle in standard position
and the x-axis.

b q1
x

The related acute angle lies

between 0º and 90º.
 y y

q
q
b
x x
b
q = 220º
q = 150º b = 220º – 180º
b = 180º – 150º y
= 40º
= 30º

q = 325º x
b
b = 360º – 325º
q
= 35º
Example 1: The point P(–5, –4) lies on the terminal
y
arm an angle in standard position.
a) Sketch the angle.
b) Determine the value of the related
q
acute angle. 5 x
b
4 4
tan  
5 P(–5, –4)
tan   0.8
c) Determine the principal angle q.
  tan 0.8 1

q = 180º + 39º
  39 
q = 219º
Example 2: The point P(– 6, 7) lies on the terminal arm an
y
angle in standard position. P(–6, 7)
a) Sketch the angle.
b) Determine the value of the related acute 7 q
angle. b x
6
7
tan  
6
tan   1.1666
c) Determine the principal angle q.
  tan 1.1666
1

q = 180º – 49.4º
  49.4 
q = 130.6º
Coterminal angles are angles in
standard position with the same
terminal side. For example, angles
measuring 120° and – 240° are
coterminal.

There are infinitely many coterminal angles. One way

to find the measure of an angle that is coterminal
with an angle θ is to add or subtract integer
multiples of 360°.
 Finding Coterminal Angles

Find the measures of a positive angle and a

negative angle that are coterminal with each
given angle.

 = 65°
65° + 360° = 425° Add 360° to find a positive
coterminal angle.
65° – 360° = –295° Subtract 360° to find a
negative coterminal angle.
Angles that measure 425° and –295° are
coterminal with a 65° angle.
Find the measures of a positive angle and a
negative angle that are coterminal with each
given angle.
 = 88°

88° + 360° = 448° Add 360° to find a positive

coterminal angle.
88° – 360° = –272° Subtract 360° to find a
negative coterminal angle.
Angles that measure 448° and –272° are
coterminal with an 88° angle.
Find the measures of a positive angle and a
negative angle that are coterminal with each
given angle.
 = –120°
–120° + 360° = 240° Add 360° to find a positive
coterminal angle.
–120° – 360° = –480° Subtract 360° to find a
negative coterminal angle.
Angles that measure 240° and –480° are
coterminal with a –120° angle.
For an angle θ in standard position,
the reference angle is the
positive acute angle formed by the
terminal side of θ and the x-axis.
In Lesson 13-3, you will learn how
to use reference angles to find
trigonometric values of angles
measuring greater than 90° or less
than 0°.
 Finding Reference Angles
Find the measure of the reference angle for
each given angle.
A.  = 135° B.  = –105°

–105°

The measure of the The measure of the

reference angle is 45°. reference angle is 75°.
 Finding Reference Angles
Find the measure of the reference angle for
each given angle.
C.  = 325°

The measure of the

reference angle is 35°.
Find the measure of the reference angle for
each given angle.
a.  = 105° b.  = –115°

–115°
105°

The measure of the The measure of the

reference angle is 75° reference angle is 65°
Find the measure of the reference angle for
each given angle.
c.  = 310°
310°

The measure of the

reference angle is 50°
Name the quadrant of the terminal side.

1) 140o 7) 80o
2) 315o 8) -475o
3) -168o 9) -25o
4) 475o 10) 1030o
5) -340o 11) -1030o
6) 670o 12) -225o
CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS

L7a -- Sequences and Series 31

 Circular Functions
A unit circle has its center at the origin and a radius of
1 unit.
The trigonometric functions of
angle θ in radians are found by
choosing a point (x, y) on the
unit circle can be rewritten as
functions of the arc length s.

When interpreted this way, they

are called circular functions.
 Circular Functions
For any real number s represented by a
directed arc on the unit circle,

Since we use the Unit Circle we can replace θ with s (arc length) because r = 1!
Evaluating A Circular Function
Circular function values of real numbers are
obtained in the same manner as
trigonometric function values of angles
measured in radians.
This applies both to methods of finding
exact values (such as reference angle
analysis).
 Find the exact values of:
• Evaluating a circular function
at the real number is equivalent to
evaluating it at
radians. • An angle of intersects the circle at the
point (0, –1).

Since sin s = y, cos s = x, and

•Use the figure to find the exact values of

The real number

corresponds to the unit
circle point
Use the figure and the definition of tangent to find the exact
value of

Moving around the unit

circle units in the
negative direction
yields the same ending
point as moving around
the circle units in the
positive direction.
• corresponds to
Use reference angles and degree/radian or your unit
circle conversion to find the exact value of