Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Analytic Geometry 1

POINTS, LINES, AND CIRCLES Intercept form Distance from (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0

DISTANCE, SLOPE, AND MIDPOINT FORMULA 𝑥 𝑦 𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝐶
+ =1 𝑑=| |
𝑎 𝑏 √𝐴2 + 𝐵2
Distance between parallel lines
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES
𝐶2 − 𝐶1
𝑑=| |
√𝐴2 + 𝐵2

EQUATIONS OF CIRCLE

Distance Formula

𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 𝑚2 − 𝑚1
θ = tan−1 ( )
Slope of a line 1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
rise 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 or
𝑚= =
run 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 tan−1 (𝑚 − tan−1 (𝑚1 )
θ= 2)
Midpoint Formula Note: Center at 𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘)
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 1. Two lines are parallel if their slopes are equal.
𝑥̅ = (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
2 2. Two lines are perpendicular if the product of their
𝑦1 + 𝑦2 slopes is -1. Center at origin
𝑦̅ =
2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟 2
General equation of a line DISTANCE FROM A POINT TO A LINE
General form
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0
STANDARD EQUATIONS OF LINES
Point-slope form *Center(h,k): h = -D/2 k = -E/2

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) A locus of a point which moves at a constant distance

Slope-intercept form from a fixed point called center and the constant distance
of any point from the center is called the radius.
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
Two-point form
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

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 Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Analytic Geometry 1
SAMPLE PROBLEMS Situation 2. For problems 11-15, refer here. A circle has 5. The two points on the line 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 which are at
1. The lines 2𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 2𝑏 = 0 and 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑏 = 1 the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 = 0. Find the: distance 2 from the line 3x + 4y – 6 = 0
intersect at the point (-1,3). What is 2𝑎 + 𝑏? 11. center of the circle
a. -4 c. 6 a. (-2,3) c. (2,-3) 6. A line has an equation of x + 5y + 5 = 0. Find the
b. -6 d. 4 b. (-3,2) d. (3,-2) equation of the line through (3, 1) that makes an angle of
12. area of the circle 450 clockwise from the line that is perpendicular to the
Situation 1. For problems 2-10, refer here. Given the a. 78.5 sq. units c. 75.8 sq. units line x + 5y + 5 = 0 at that point.
triangle with vertices at A(1,4), B(9,6), and C(7,2). Find the: b. 87.5 sq. units d. 85.7 sq. units
2. equation of the line through side AB 7. Find the equation of the circle circumscribing the
13. farthest distance from the point (5,6) to the circle
triangle with vertices at A(-1, -4), B(3, -2) and C(5, 2).
a. 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 15 = 0 c. 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 15 = 0 a. 14.2 units c. 15.4 units
b. 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 15 = 0 d. 𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 15 = 0 b. 14.5 units d. 15.2 units 8. Determine the length of the tangent to the circle x2 + y2
3. distance from C to side AB 14. nearest distance from the point (5,6) to the circle – 4x – 5 = 0 from (8, -2).
a. 3.4 c. 4.0 a. 5.4 units c. 4.2 units
b. 4.3 d. 3.7 b. 5.2 units d. 4.5 units 9. Find the equation of the circle a diameter of which is
4. equation of the line through (0,-3) and parallel to side the line segment connecting the centers of the following
15. tangent distance from the point (5,6) to the circle
AB circles:
a. 8.1 units c. 8.6 units
x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y – 7 = 0 and
a. 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 12 = 0 c. 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 b. 9.6 units d. 9.1 units x2 + y2 - 4x + 8y – 5 = 0
b. 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 12 = 0 d. 𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 12 = 0
5. distance from 𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 to side AB 16. Find the equation of the circle having its center on the 10. What is the radius of a circle with the equation
a. 5.66 c. 6.55 line 4x – y = 7 and passing through the points (-2, 4)
b. 5.33 d. 6.88 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 1 = 0?
and (5, 5).
6. equation of the perpendicular bisector of side BC
a. 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 8 = 0 c. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 16 = 0 17. Find an equation(s) of the circle(s) tangent to both
b. 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 8 = 0 d. 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 16 = 0 axes and containing the point (-8, -1).
7. angle C of the triangle
Answers:
a. 98.1° c. 81.9° Problems for Practice: 1. (7/8, 9/8)
b. 89.8° d. 91.1° 1. Find the coordinates of the point which is 3/8 of the 2. 9x + 20y + 42 = 0
8. terminal point if side AC is extended three times its way from the point A(-1, 3) to the point B(4, -2). 3. x + 2y = 6 and 8x + y = -12
own length from C 4. 23.16 units
2. Find the equation of the line passing through the point 5. (64, - 44) and (4, -4)
a. (24,-6) c. (24,-5)
A(2, -3) and perpendicular to the line having the 6. 2x – 3y = 3
b. (25,-4) d. (25,-3) parametric equations: 7. (x + 2)2 + (y – 3)2 = 50
9. area of the triangle 5x = 3t + 4 and 3y = 4t – 6 8. 5.57 units
a. 15 sq. units c. 13 sq. units 9. (x – 1/2)2 + (y + 5/2)2 = 9/2
b. 12 sq. units d. 14 sq. units 3. Determine the equations of the lines (two answers) 10. √33 / 4
10. point of intersection of the medians passing through (-2, 4) and forming with the axes a
a. (14/3, 3) c. (17/3, 4) triangle having an area of 9 square units.
b. (15/3, 4) d. (16/3, 3)
4. Find the farthest distance from the point (12, 2) to the
circle x2 + y2 + 6x – 16y + 24 = 0.

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Analytic Geometry 2
CONIC SECTIONS -locus of a point that moves such that it is always (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘) → 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
equidistant from a fixed point called the center. The
General Definition of Conic Sections
constant distance is called the radius of the circle. (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = −4𝑎(𝑦 − 𝑘) → 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
-locus (or path) of a point that moves such that the
ratio of its distance from a fixed point (focus) and a (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ) → 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
fixed line (directrix) is constant. This constant ratio is
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = −4𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ) → 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡
called the eccentricity of the conic.

Note: (ℎ, 𝑘) is the vertex of the parabola.

ELLIPSE
-locus of a point that moves such that the sum of its
distances from two fixed points called the foci is
constant
Standard Equation
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
PARABOLA
-locus of a point that moves such that its distance from
a fixed point called the focus is always equal to its
distance from a fixed line called the directrix

Eccentricity of a conic
𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3
𝑒= = = Standard Equations
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑑3
If 𝑒 = 0, it’s a circle. (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
If 𝑒 = 1, it’s a parabola. + =1 → ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑎2 𝑏2
If 𝑒 < 1, it’s an ellipse.
If 𝑒 > 1, it’s a hyperbola. (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
+ =1 → 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑏2 𝑎2
CIRCLE
Standard Equations
Note: (ℎ, 𝑘) is the center of the ellipse.

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 Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Analytic Geometry 2
Properties of Ellipse 7. A parabolic concrete arch spans a width of 40ft with a 16. The distance (center to center) of the moon from
20ft wide road passing under the bridge. The minimum the earth varies from a minimum of 221,463 miles to a
1. 𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 vertical clearance over the roadway must be 10ft. What maximum of 252,710 miles. Find the eccentricity of the
𝑐
2. 𝑒= <1 is the height of the smallest such arch that can be used? moon’s orbit.
𝑎
𝑐
3. 𝑒′ =
𝑏 Situation 2. For problems 10-16, refer here. Given the Problem for Practice:
4. Area = π𝑎𝑏 1. Locate the vertex, focus and the coordinates of the
equation of a curve 9𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 + 54𝑥 − 100𝑦 − 44 = 0.
5. P = 2π√
𝑎 2 + 𝑏2
Find: length of the latus rectum of the parabola:
2
8. its center y2 + 4x - 4y + 16 = 0
𝑎
6. 𝑑= a. (-2,3) c. (2,-3)
𝑒
2𝑏2 2. Find the equation of the parabola whose vertex is
7. 𝑙𝑟 = b. (-3,2) d. (3,-2)
𝑎 the origin and whose directrix is the line x = 4.
9. its vertices
SAMPLE PROBLEMS a. (-6,2) & (0,2) c. (-8,2) & (2,2) 3. An arch in the shape of an arc of a parabola
Situation 1. For problems 1-5, refer here. Given a b. (-3,7) & (-3,-3) d. (-3,5) & (-3,-1) measures 6m across the base and its vertex is 2.50m
parabola whose equation is 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 9 = 0, find 10. its foci above the base. Find the length of the beam parallel to
the following: a. (-6,2) & (0,2) c. (-8,2) & (2,2) the base and 2m above it.
1. vertex b. (-7,2) & (1,2) d. (-3,6) & (-3,-2)
a. (-1,2) c. (-2,1) 4. Find the equation of the ellipse whose vertices are
11. the equation of the directrices
b. (1,-2) d. (2,-1) the points (4, 6) and (4, -2) and whose eccentricity is
25 13 37 13
a. 𝑥= &𝑥 = c. 𝑥 = − &𝑥 = 3/4.
2. focus 4 4 4 4
37 25 37 13
a. (-2,2) c. (0,2) b. 𝑥=− &𝑥 = − d. 𝑥 = &𝑥 = −
4 4 4 4 5. A cross-section of a trough is a semi-ellipse with
b. (-1,1) d. (-1,3) 12. the length of latus rectum width at the top 18cm and depth 12cm. The trough is
3. equation of directrix a. 6.4 units c. 5.7 units filled with water to a depth of 8cm. Find the width at
a. 𝑥 = 1 c. 𝑦 = 1 b. 4.5 units d. 3.6 units the surface of the water.
b. 𝑦 = 3 d. 𝑥 = 3 13. its perimeter
a. 25.9 units c. 26.4 units 6. An earth satellite has an apogee of 2450 miles and a
4. length of latus rectum
perigee of 410 miles. Assuming that the earth’s radius
a. 1 unit c. 4 units b. 25.4 units d. 26.9 units
is 400 miles, what is the value of the eccentricity of
b. 8 units d. 2 units 14. its area ellipse, which form with the center of the earth at one
5. equation of the axis of symmetry a. 12π sq. units c. 18π sq. units focus and whose apogee ang perigee satisfy the
a. 𝑥 = 1 c. 𝑦 = 3 b. 15π sq. units d. 9π sq. units condition above.
b. 𝑥 =-1 d. 𝑦 = 2
15. Find the standard equation of the ellipse that has its Situation 1: A parabola has its axis parallel to the y-
center at (1, 1), a vertex at (3, 1), and that passes through axis, one end of its latus rectum is at (9, 6) and the
6. Find the equation of the locus of a point which moves
the origin. Also, determine the equation of the vertex is at (5, 4). Determine the following:
so that its distance from the line x + 4 = 0 is 5 more than
directrices. 7. length of latus rectum
its distance from the point (3, 1).
8. equation of the parabola
9. equation of the directrix of the parabola.

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Analytic Geometry 2
Situation 2:
A point moves so that its distance from the line
x – 16 = 0 is always twice its distance from the point
(4, 0). Determine the following:
10. equation of the locus of the point
11. distance between the vertices of the curve
12. distance of the directrix from the center of the
curve.

Answers:

1. V(-3, 2); F(-4, 2); Ends of Latus Rectum (-4, 4) and

(-4, 0)
2. y2 = -16x
3. 2.68 m
(𝑥−4)2 (𝑦−2)2
4. + =1
7 16
5. 12√2 𝑐𝑚
6. 0.557
7. 8 units
8. x2 – 10x - 8y + 57 = 0
9. y – 2 = 0
10. 3x2 + 4y2 – 192 = 0
11. 16 units
12. 16 units

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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Analytic Geometry 3
HYPERBOLA GENERAL EQUATION OF CONIC SECTIONS To find the equation of a line tangent to a conic
section at a point P1 (x1, y1):
-locus of a point that moves such that the difference 𝟐 𝟐
𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒙𝒚 + 𝑪𝒚 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
1. Replace x2 by xx1.
of its distance between two fixed points called the
To find what type of conic section is described by a 2. Replace y2 by yy1.
foci is constant
given equation, 3. Replace x by (x + x1)/2
Case 1: 𝑩=𝟎
4. Replace y by (y + y1)/2
• If A or C is zero, it is a parabola.
5. Replace xy by (xy1 + yx1)/2
• If A and C are not zero and:
where P1 (x1, y1) is the point of tangency.
→ having opposite signs, it is a hyperbola.
→ having same sign and:
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
→ A = C, it is a circle.
Situation 1. For problems 1-7, refer here. Sketch the
→ A ≠ C , it is an ellipse.
graph of the curve 16𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 − 64𝑥 − 72𝑦 − 224 =
Case 2: 𝑩≠𝟎
0 and find the following:
• Evaluate 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶. If:
1. center
→ 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0, it is a parabola.
a. (2,4) c. (-2,4)
→ 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 < 0, it is an ellipse.
→ 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 > 0, it is a hyperbola. b. (2,-4) d. (-2,-4)
2. transverse axis and conjugate axis,
POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM respectively
a. 4 & 3 c. 3 & 4
In this system, the location of a point is expressed by
b. 8 & 6 d. 6 & 8
Standard Equations its distance 𝑟 from a fixed point called the pole and
its angle θ from a fixed line, usually the +𝑥-axis. 3. vertices
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 a. (-1,-4) & (5,-4) c. (-1,-7) & (5,-1)
− =1 → ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 b. (2,0) & (2,-8) d. (-3,-4) & (7,-4)
𝑎2 𝑏2
4. foci
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 a. (-1,-4) & (5,-4) c. (-1,-7) & (5,-1)
− =1 → 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑎2 𝑏2 b. (2,0) & (2,-8) d. (-3,-4) & (7,-4)
5. length of latus rectum
Note: (ℎ, 𝑘) is the center of the hyperbola. a. 10.7 units c. 6.4 units
Properties of Hyperbola b. 16.7 units d. 4.5 units
Relationship between Polar and Cartesian
Coordinate Systems: 6. equation of the upward asymptote
1. 2
𝑐 =𝑎 +𝑏 2 2
a. 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 20 = 0 c. 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 4 = 0
2. 𝑒=
𝑐
>1 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 or 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑎 b. 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 20 = 0 d. 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4 = 0
3. 𝑑=
𝑎
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos θ 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin θ 7. equation of the downward asymptote
𝑒
𝑦 a. 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 20 = 0 c. 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 4 = 0
2𝑏 2 tan θ = =𝑚
4. 𝑙𝑟 = 𝑥 b. 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 20 = 0 d. 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4 = 0
𝑎

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 Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Analytic Geometry 3
8. Find the equation of the curve whose center 14. Find the eccentricity of the curve represented by 9. The polar form of the equation 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 8 is:
is at (1,0) with one focus at (1,√13). The the parametric equations 𝑥 = 3 cos θ and 𝑦 = a. r 2 = 8 c. r = 8
8 8
eccentricity of the curve is √13/2. 4 sin θ. b. r= d. r2 =
cos2 θ + 2 cos2 θ + 2
a. 9𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 15 = 0 a. 1.34 c. 0.89
b. 4𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 + 24 = 0 b. 0.75 d. 0.66 Situation 1:
c. 4𝑦 2 − 9𝑥 2 + 8𝑦 − 23 = 0
The polar equation of the curve is equal to
d. 4𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 40 = 0 Problems for Practice:
1. Locate the center, vertices and foci of the r2 (4 sin2θ + 9 cos2θ) = 36
hyperbola:
9. Identify what conic section is described by 10. Compute the area bounded by the curve.
the following equations: 16y2 – 9x2 + 36x + 96y - 36 = 0 11. Compute the total length of curve.
a. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 25𝑥 = 0 12. Determine the eccentricity of the given curve.
2. Find the equation of the hyperbola with center
b. 𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 27 = 0 (1, 3), vertex (4, 3) and end of conjugate axis (1, 1).
c. 9𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 54𝑥 − 25𝑦 − 8 = 0
d. 4𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 + 24 = 0 3. Compute the distance between the directrices of
e. 13𝑥 2 + 10𝑥𝑦 + 13𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 42𝑦 − 27 = 0 the curve 4x2 – 9y2 + 16x + 72y - 92 = 0
f. 4𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 16𝑦 + 19 = 0 Answers:
g. 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 − 16𝑦 − 20 = 0 4. The length of the latus rectum of a hyperbola is
equal to 18 and the distance between the foci is 12. 1. C(2, -3); V(2, 0) and V’(2, -6)
h. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 16𝑦 + 19 = 0
Find the equation of the curve (center at the origin) F(2, 2) and F’(2, -8)
if the conjugate axis is parallel to the y-axis. 2. 4x2 – 9y2 – 8x + 54y – 113 = 0
10. Find the equation of the line tangent to the 3. 2.22 units
curve x2 = 4y + 5 and passing through (3, 1). 4. x2/9 – y2/27 = 1
5. Find the equation of the line tangent to the conic
section 3x2 – 3xy + 4x + y – 3 = 0 at (-1, 1). 5. 5x – 4y + 9 = 0
11. Find the length of the sub-tangent and sub- 6. 12 units
normal of the curve y2 = 8x for the point (2, 4). 7. y = -2x2 (Parabola)
6. A curve has an equation of y = 2x2 + 1. Compute
the length of sub-normal at point (1,3). 8. 8.89 units
12. Find the length of the latus rectum of the curve 8
9. 𝑟 2 =
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2
𝑟= . 7. Eliminate the parameter “t” from the parametric 10. 18.85 sq.units
1+ cos θ
a. 8 units c. 12 units equations: 11. 16.02 units
4 units d. 16 units 12. 0.745
b. x = sin t and y = cos 2t – 1
What is the equivalent conic section?
13. Find the length of the curve 𝑟 = 4 sin θ.
a. 10.23 units c. 9.42 units
b. 11.68 units d. 12.57 units 8. Find the length of the curve r = 2 sin θ + 2 cos θ.

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