Internal Forces in Beams ‘The determination of internal forces is a fundamental step in the design of members ‘that carry loads. Only after this computation hhas been made can the design engineer select the proper dimensions for a member or choose tine material from which the member should be fabricated. Internal Forces in Beams P__ The force component that is perpendicular to the cross section, tending to elongate or shorten the bar, is called the normal force V_ The force components lying in the plane of the ‘cross section, tending to slide (shear) the parts ofthe bar lying on either side of the cross section relative to one another, are called shear forces. T The component of the resultant couple that tends to twist the bar is called twisting moment, ot torque. M_ The component ofthe resultant couple that tend to bend the bar are called bending ‘moments. Sign Convention ie ) (=)Example Determine the internal forces at Ain the beam AB shown, Example Determine the internal forces at A inthe beam AB shown, Example: ‘The beam in the Figure shown, supported by a pin at A and a cable at B, carries a uniformly distributed load over 4 m from the pin support. Neglecting the weight of the beam, determine the normal force, shear force, and bending moment ‘acting on the cross section at D. ‘Normal (Axial) force at A: Pye Ay= 3.214 KN Shear force a A Va= y= 2(3) + 3.03 Va = 9.83 KN paeeaaenee w=2eys)-300) My 20494 Torque at A: T,=-493(08) T=-3.066 kNomExample: ‘The beam in the Figure shown, supported by a pin at A and a cable at B, carries a uniformly distributed load over 4 m from the pin support. Vo 1200(1) Neglecting the weight of the beam, determine the ~ 2489.2 sin40° My normal force, shear force, and bending moment Y= 4008 Acting on the ross section at D. My = 2496.2 nO) ~1200(1)(05) My= 4200 N-m ‘y= 24002 co 0" A= 190680 1200 Nim am P= -1906.8N 200) 2488.2 sno? sn p= 3200-1200(3) = -400N 2M,=0 — 1200(8)(2) -Tsin 40°%6) = My = 3200(3) ~ 1200(3)(1.5) 7224892 N My= 4200 N-m Example: Determine the normal force, shear force, and bending moment acting on the cross section at C in the loaded beam shown. ' Example: Determine the normal force, shear force, and bend the loaded beam shown. 1200(5)(2) - 8,(3) B= 4000 ‘A, = 1200(5) = 6000 N A= B,=4000N ‘moment acting on the cross section at C in Meven= 4000(1.8) -1200(3)% 2880 N- Vege =1200(3) cos 36.87 - 4000 sin 36:87° = 480 N Pega = #4000 cos 36.87° - 1200(3) sin 36,87° Meu = 6000(1.6) ~ 4000(1,2) ~ 1200(2)(0, Ven = [6000 ~ 1200(2)] cos 36:87° 4000 sin 36.97 Poy ® 4000 cos 36.87° + [yZggsgd- 6000}sin 36.7 5360 NExample: Determine the axial force, shear force, and bending moment acting on the cross section at Din the loaded beam shown, Example: Determine the axial free, shear force, and bending moment acting on the cross section at Din the loaded beam shown. 204Nim Ry sin 30°(9) + Ry eos 30%5) = 20(9)(45)- 30(85) = 0 y= 103.623 kN = Example: Determine the shear force and bending moment acting on the eross section at 1 and 2in the loaded beam shown. 2R=0 G+ 103.623 sin 30° -20(9) =0 £128,189 kN, 2P,=0 103.623 cos 30°-30-¢,=0 = 59.74 kN Considering segment CD: ‘Axial force atD: Pp =-128.199 kN Shear force at D: Vp = 459.74 KN Bending Moment at D: My =-59.74(3)=-179.22 k-m Considering segment ABD: Py = 103.623 sin 30° - 20(9) = - 128.189 kN Vp = 103.623 cos 30° - 30 = +59.74 KN My = 103.623 sin 30°(9) + 103.623 cos 30° (2) = 20(05) - 20(2)(4.5) My= 179.22 kN-mExample: Determine the shear force and bending moment ‘acting on the cross section at 1 and 2 in the loaded beam shown. 5-2 =15KN .5(1.5)- 2(055) = 4.25 kN-m Verge =6.5 N M, aga 65(1) = 6.5 KN EM,=0 2(1)+4(2)(2+1)-B.(4)=0 Maer =3.5(3)~ 2(2)~ 4(2)(0) = 6.5 Nm Series Be- 2-9 | Example: i ‘The beam ABs pinned at A and supported by the circulararch BC. Neglecting the weight of aN the members, determine the normal force, ‘shear force, and bending moment acting on the cross section at es gf IITIIIIIT.. © Example: PM,=0 —— 500(2)(2)+ 490(15) -G(2)=0 | ‘The beam ABs pinned at A and supported by neo | the circular arch BC. Neglecting the weight of i the members, determine the normal force, Masrnec=0 €,(2)-800(2) = 0 shear force, and bending moment acting on the cross section at D. Fae ss 15m Jaoow © a aa! te Ay 500 Nim a i DTT TNS Oe Lae i Po=-G,c050-G,sin0 eae Py = 800 cos 23.570" = = B00 sin 23.578° a Py =-1058.2N Vo= G,sin® - 6,088 ‘My = Gy(1.2) - €,(1.833) ‘Vp = 80g sin 23.578" ‘My = 8001.2) ~a00(1.832) Ph00 cos 23578 5064 N-m, vy=-4132NShear and Bending Moment Equations and Diagrams Lets consider a simple beam under uniform load, Shear and Bending Moment Equations and Diagrams Leis consider a simple beam under uniform load. Shear and Bending Moment Equations and Diagrams Lets consider a simple beam under uniform foad. ‘Straight tine war(5) Me = "Ex-"S parabola ¢ Slope of moment diagram aM _ wh The shear is = SE ix = Shear jhe sopeey the ‘moment diagram ¢ Slope of shear diagram Theload isthe slope of the hear diagramShear and Bending Moment Equations and Diagrams Lets consider a simple beam under uniform load, Shear and Bending Moment Equations and Diagrams Properties of load, shear, and moment diagrams: 1 2 3 Shear and Bending Moment Equations and Diagrams Properties of load, shear, and moment lagrams: 1 2 a ‘Straight line =. -wia(2) ¢ Slope of moment diagram aM _ wi The shear is Fe Tp we = Shear — he lope ofthe ‘moment diagram 1 Slope of shear diagram wh ve = Ewe wh Theload isthe slope w =Load ofthe shear diagram Theload isthe slope ofthe shear diagram ‘The shear is the slope ofthe moment diagram Thearea ofthe load diagram between two points isthe change in shear between those points Theareaof the shear dlagram between two pointsis the change in moment between thove points ‘Atthe point of zero shear, the moment iagram will reach its peak or valley point. The loadis the slope ofthe shear diagram The shear isthe slope of the moment diagram ‘The area of th load diagram betwoon ‘wo points isthe change In shear between those points ‘The area of the shear diagram between 2 ‘wo points isthe change in moment between those points There is an abrupt change in shear at concentrated loads. At the point of zero shea, the moment ‘diagram will reech ts peek or valley point. Moment DiagramCantilever Beams el iz p Win ae sane - et | 9 eS eo ae eh =| Tl | Teo) oe a} De ee B we Cantilever Beams ie! ae tase seas Oem Moment Dagan Simple Beams W (Nm) a0 dene , ° sas T T we we | oe pa | ee fa H 5 t 2 Z fl a we aeSimple Beams Example: Determine the maximum shear and bending ‘moment in the beam shown. EMj=0 24(6)(8) + 96(9) - 12-0 Ry= 108 kN EFy=0 Ry= 132K Vous = 132 ke Example: Determine the maximum shear and bending ofS ‘moment in the beam shown. CCE EMj=0 36(12)(6)-Ry(9) =0 Ry=288 KN B= Ry= 144 KNExample: Determine the maximum shear and bending ‘moment in the beam shown. 2M, 0 36(9)(45) + 45(12) - 135 ~RyC9 R= 207 KN BR,=0 Ry =36(9) + 45-207 Ry= 162 KN =162 KN Mau, = 364.5 KN-m, Example: Determine the maximum shear and bending ‘moment in the beam shown. The beam is fixed at A and pin-jointed at B. Magn =O 24(2) + 144(8) + 30(8)(4) ~6R¢= 0 Re = 360 kN 2Fy=0 ‘360(10) - 30(12)(6) ~ 24(6) - 144(12) 1M, = 432 kN-m Vom = 204 KN Maximum positive moment = 38.4 kN-m. Maximum negative momet Example: Determine the maximum shear and bending ‘moment in the beam shown. The beam is fixed at A and pin-jointed at B. Magn =O 24(2) + 144(8) + 30(8)(4) ~6R¢= 0 Vom = 204 KN