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    Solid Geometry for Civil Engineering Board Exam

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    GILLESANIA SOLID GEOMETRY

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    Solid Geometry for Civil Engineering Board Exam

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    24 views50 pages

    Gillesania Solid Geometry

    Uploaded by

    Sam
    Solid Geometry for Civil Engineering Board Exam

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 50
    Solid Geometry is the traditional name for the geometry of three-dimensional Euclidean space. Stereometry measurements of volumes of various solid figures including pyramids, prisms and other polyhedrons; cylinders, ‘cones; truncated cones; and balls bounded by spheres. [Geometry ica branch of mathamats that sues te sas shapes, postions angles and dnanions cf things. Fat Shapers square rey and Wages we «pr of fot jenay a ae cled 2D shapes The apes Fame ely 2 lmencone, tb argh athe wet Heo 90 shapes ka pyraic, crm, precinct Topics Involved: & 12 Plane Geometry + Tanges Properties, Elements and Theorems of Cees © Quacriateras + Pelygons Sold Geomery Polyhedron Base Sold Shapes (pyramid, cone, spheres etc) Sods of Revataion ¥ remtcits Polyhedrons Polyhedrons are solids whose faces are plane polygons. Regular Polyhedrons are those which have identical faces. There are only five known regular Polyhedrons, namely tetrahedron, hexahedron, octahedron, dodecahedron and icosahedron. ‘These solids are known as Platonic solids. Regular Tetrahedron Regular Hexahedron ie Regular Dodecahedron Prism finder Miscellaneous em Bz Prisms are polyhedron whose bases are equal polygons in parallel planes and whose sides are parallelograms. Prisms are classified according to their bases. Thus, a hexagonal prism is one ‘whose base is a hexagon, and a regular hexagonal prism has a base of a regular hexagon. The axis of a prism Is the line joining the centroids of the bases. A right prism Is one whose axis Is Perpendicular to the base. The altitude “h" ofa prism is the distance between the bases. Volume,V = Ayh = Axl Lateral Area, Ay, = Fal: fh where: ‘Ag = area of right section, ‘Ay = base area Oblique Prism L= lateral edge x = Perimeter of righ section ° eo EE Volume, V = Agh = (ax b) xe Lateral Area, A, = Ph = (2a-+ 2b) x.¢ ‘Total Surface Area, A, = Ay, + 2A Face diagonal, Space diagonal, a = (a 4b? += Volume, ¥ Lateral Area, A ‘Total Surface Area, A, ace diagonal, d Space diagonal, = 24a" +a? = « NI ‘A cylinder is the surface generated by a straight-line intersecting and moving along a closed plane curve, the directrix, while remaining parallel to a fixed straight line (called the axis) that Is ‘not on or parallel to the plane of the directrix. Like prisms, cylinders are classified according to their bases, Directrx iret Volume, V = Ayh = Ag Lateral Area, A, = Fal: u Fe Bo ; h where: ‘Ag = area ofrightsection Ay = base area \Yrmtan “rn F nieces Oblique Cynder Fy = Perimeter of righ section tera edge Right Circular Cylinder Volume, = Ayh = mth Lateral Area, Ay, = Py x= (2nt)h ‘Total Surface Area,A, = Ay + 2Ay part + 2¢0*) Pyramids Pyramids are polyhedron with a polygonal base and triangular faces that meet at a common point called the vertex. Like prisms, pyramids are classified according to their bases. Vertex 1 Volume, = FAyh h where: fees n= alttude, Tv Perpendicular stance rom the verte the ass Frustum of Pyramid Frustum of a pyramid is the portion of the pyramid between the base and @ cutting plane Parallel the base. Votume,V = 2A, +42 + VRiRa) where: A lower base area Ay jpper base area h=altiude Cone isthe surface generated by @ straight line, the generator, passing through the fixed point, the vertex, and moving along a fixed curve, the directrix. Like pyramids cones are classified ‘according to their bases. 1 Volume, = 5Ash where: ‘Ay = base area b tude, perpendicular distance from the vertex to the base, Right Circular Cone Slant height, = yr= he Volume, 1 a fsb = jth a Lateral Area, Ay, = nr, where: r= radius of the base area h etude % Volume, where: h A lower base area A jpper base area h=altiude Slantheight, = J(R== +h mh Volume,y = SR? + Retr) Lateral Area, Ay, = 1(R+1)L lower base radius ipper base radius h = altitude Surface Area, A, = 4? ‘Spherical Segment of One Votume v=" ar —ny Azone = 20h Snherical Segment — “wo Base ~ Lateral Area, Ay = Azone = 21th ita Mgt aS ae 2a Volume, = $107h ey \ =, mie wo 36 =o A spider and a fly are located at opposite eure ae) ee ae en) terri Ce em) ee oe it fy Pere bo en) erro ee eas ca ee) Poe ee ony m7 Suits Fy A spider and a fly are located at opposite tices of a room of dimensions 1, 2, eas Ca a ee eed t opposite der and a fly are located ee ee os cS ad = mee cra) Cena 4 a i‘ Sa 2) once | ve z 3 e9 =F oni ee 4, = VIB units terrified’ to cata Peete et Lt z = 2 back 2 1 | tp - = VR t 4 ot ternied ford ee eee? Stunts = VBunits Ve V6 units ee ViB units ay a ° minimum distance,d = JTBunits ieee ] with each side 6 cm long. The bases are 14 » apart. What is the volume of the prism —_- : A | v= ayh Mem v= (619) x14 ° V = 867.16cm* em ae | Ve Agh Mem ya(e19gx14 | AL= Poh = a | AL=Gx6)x14 A, = 420cmt Ass Ait2ny ® A, = 420+ 2661.98) en A, = $43,88cm? or eke cal ee ol ee aa con Z (Oct go Oe a a eae SC omer! pret eeror err Ohona se Poe Imagine a block of wood to measure 20cm [ACN 40cm and to have its total oie se Volume,V=axb xe ON Mg iad Oe a a ema Cee! ° Patt Bite Teer) | volume v=a,xh p 40cm and to have its total oie ee Volume,V=axb xe MMi Considering x plane Oe a a eee es ceed ca Peed volume v= Ay xn v E 40cm and to have its total Pa as Volume, ¥ xbxe V= 28000em* on econ = sn Salo Pe ee eaten 0a, 20m pyres Bue o 9 9 5 (two blue face) = 12 cubes Pe elios anes ere | nd and 3.6m deep on the other end. T Sr diameter and 10m deep is emptied into the oe a eee Ly eee ace ery Be eer Cee eae es ee ee ey fk! Veseroir = 5 (9? X10 125.66m? Feoxxss ¥, = 858m" = Va= (128) x55, 25.66 — 85.8 39.86 = (12x) x55 V, = 39.86m* x= 604m Te Cn ee Cee eR ena 20m, CD = 18 = 10cm and angle A mrs ne! ee er cee eee a a) (1) What is the measure o degrees? aa outer quadrilateral ABCD with AB = 15cm, BC = eee ees Es Coe eres ne! Ae CR Se Cay Crass tay cee al Fs Mate rac Ee Ee ! Tod Ce ee en ee Cee eee eee Es = TOF 15? = 210 x 15) e065" ee ee ee d= 1408 CS ere rc cr . 4 oe ee sans c= cos (182 +202 - 14.085 Oe B0aR a) cee ett = 43.10" Ay = \G—OE— DEO — abe OH AAPL 6544310 oe hoa ae 6 od . gattbtetd 15420410410 : ; = 315em ‘ty = 190,95em? Toe) Cre ena! eet = 10cm and angle A eae te! Poorer er eee Poem? (1). What is the measure o ceed Maca eal Sere tn Pees 4 8412410415 zh) vote =A4(2) 1125em v= 19095 x 11.25 v= 2148.19cm? v h=20sin60e 0.2565 -cos(98 17.004 Bresene Seccee i. ME ee eee (0.25pix5“2) cos(30dgo) V=Apxh h=20singo? = 17.32em x58) x1732 340.08em* id va17x% v= 3406m? ME 4-1" (0.25p1x5"2) cos(304e9) eed oe areas eae ieee ek Dee eS ee ea) eras: ena Sora be made from a See ee es SEE cubic meters Teck) ee eee on ae ees oer depth in each tank? Neglect any a the valve, % 1017.88m* ¥, = 150.80m5 n+ Ve 017.884 15080 1168.68 v= 1168.68" h xpe)+apxn © (3s) J=n(Gn) xm Zara) v= (Fx0095") x1186 8.895m v= 732m3 am Fay xh 2@¥ xh cans Oth 21sm A trough whose ends are isosceles right Sc eet on ead Cer (2) If the trough Is posttined Se ee areas Ceara A trough or ose ends Ceres Pr Se Cec) eee aes Cesta ae) @ 0 aly Cd = sows rots v U 2 6 x 2y)] x A oa=[Lgx2p]xs = pox) y 36.5em A trough whose ends are isosceles right eet on Bais iDoa ae mae vs Chia et ere ren ie eran hart V=Ayxh 1 3(06x06)xh b= 446m ern oh aes em 15m re re ee rey ee oe ec i ea eer res ee ee eeu Sr ee atc ES eee a ee eg When the cylinder is in the vertical Poor eared /S the diameter 1.5m) ° oo Volume displaced = Volume of block yx ah 07 x08x09 Volume of block = 0 504m? Fas)? xah = 0.508 an= 9.205m A Pd nena ae Ce ee ee) Pee es the depth of water is 3/5 the diameter. od the cylinder isin. the Riera eae Ce eure Ao) Se ec) ae ms Cea Poe ae Toone metal in the form of a sector of a circle ee ee ec mee a = 360° - 2(78.46") 03.08" 4 r 3 Fa=12 ran) o= 7846" 02 rs a= 360°— 20 = 360° 2(78.46") 03.08" A= 4/2 (1)°2 (203.08xp1/180 - sin(203.08) A= 1.968 mez 1.968 x 2 Vuater = 3.938 m3 vemrh 3.936 = pi(i"2)h = 1.253m one was formed by rolling a thin sheet ec el) ee ee Find the acm ea tworthirds of its altitud lowing, Cte eet (2) Determine the concen) 634 square meters. The base diameter is eric aea sets aa crs eee te Osa td Geer 638 = we(JGFF) 7.989m c=S=94.25em 94.25em i n-VE-F h= 362152 r= 1Sem b= 23.73m i ® ltr 1S") x 23.73 ‘s591.25cm? The lateral area of a right circular cone is et mu eed eee Se eee Cn Oee crestor ts (2) Determine the volume of (3) What is the largest Set ey Cas ane Ta eee Ole sans 23.967 aes 2 pgs (23967 = 2" 7989 7989 0=35.78° ee et tank is eel a Since, = V¥@r? +r? 624 = m1 (SGOFF) 2.989m 1 = dayxh (6 7989") x 23967 3r = 3(7.989) ms h=23967m * bet 15978 Yepnore = 800.52 R=576m ‘ Vopere = 4165.76)" er ken Pen arene eet 3m sed conical tank has a base diameter ee ern Pee Goa el eae a base diameter corns tank is ee eae eer eos ror aoa stand By ratio and proportion 65_23 is" 5308m sad ws Voaer = 22 + Ret 4) Veater = ee ey ce Ps renee Sk ee © by ratio and proportion 65 _23 is"? 15308m Vat the F Fe +R +e) a2 vor = "2 (152 +15 05308 + 053082) Vater = 14644 ee ri of 3m and Sern cad ° coer 464m? Vester By ratio and proportion h_6s Bai 0.2308h x = pails 1 1 14.64 =5(ou) xW 14.64 = F(x (02308H)4) xh 6.402m Sere eo ee ken aos eo Pree aed ee et Cee Peo renee ep will the eas Toe) ere es member? Alternate Solution: Alternate Solution: Similar Solids: iG) veo =3eex st x6 1saz_(_6s_\° 55%, Similar Solids: &, Va (a) 4 ax 159 Vou $0 15) X65 Vora 1832 -(e5a) (5-42, 1532 65) 1532-06787 6.402m , oh ToL enero aera! by 30%, what is the mass of the new eed ‘Similar Solids i= sf) Ms \hna, 400g (_1 ™ 7 \i=03 R Myow = 187.28 ‘After reducing 30% in all mensions er te ee ea pele) eto. ae Cet Pee Similar Solus: cr ai (y Mass = 1000kg dieu ee ee parallel to the base, how high above the oer ee ieee Toko ae ec ere Re ee aS! Cota) die G) If the pyramid is cut by a plane Cee er oe ie G) If the pyramid Is cut by a plane parallel to the base, haw high above ti base should it be done to divide the volume equally Lateral edge, 155am, iiss 108 h= aLetem © slant height oem Wor kuo e! eet RRC mae Ses eet Ome! (G) If the pyramid is cut by @ plane oe es ‘0em oer ee ‘ a? 6(10)? & / | eaeeae | CE OB) aS y= 2508104 1 1 Va 5ApXh= 5 (259.81 x 11.84) v= 1025.38cm? eens ees aie G) If the pyramid Is cut by a plane Cee ee er oie to 1194 v= 1025.380m? oc Veut = 5 (1025.38) 9 Vou = 512.96! Sareurienere easy 1 4 et eT 7 (Aupper) (11.84 — y) a ern 253807 pac) Yew = Bet Ae + VE) y 19807 153807 y= 244m Aue = 2598em* WOE) |v = 102538em" ee ReGen s 10 ine: Vout 1 3102538) ante Oeetaour Vout 3) If the pyramid is cut by a plane ere Oe CMTE Alternate Solution: 12.69m? toe Similar Solids: 51269 _ /11.84-y) Aye = 25981 worsaa~ "anes y= 244m olume of the largest sphere can CSc} Mae 8 c= 5a in s an edge of é 155m a, 155am_ Total Surface Area,A, = 4(A,) CRC fe 4 Ana(juass xine?) bs Pebed, eerie CUS aes roca ‘Ay = 416. 13cm? A regular tetrahedron has an edge of oe to Gene a2) 155em Total Surface Area, As volume of the largest sphere can (A) (Cass ana) 155 395 has an edge of E Fasssineo) a ; 1 Lh cs vel (fasasta nan) xine 438.67em* oe prenaeie eres ees a. 2 pee Le vs +] Zessancoy Ly erica Sa hi 43 R= fae FAC) Rer=i265 a.(2) Z n= 1265 Vaphere = $0G3.16)° (aa += 1265 3 3.160m Vepnere = 482.18em? Alternate formula: Wee cee ea ee + Ce ee Cee b= 1265 Alternate formula: er Cree eset (G) volume of the largest sphere can Peel co eae + = 8.16em ReeelBOet OF Reageosr vain Rtr=1265 FAC) R y49em eee arom Vopnere eR) Tete Surface Area, A, ree ae Omesen: @) volu 2 PAS 2 Bt 4K 2 cieeremmmmerty | svg 71809" [yg = 12903 Stem? be inscribed, Alternate Formula: [As = 20.6463 Vottme of Dodecahedron,¥ 25cm Alternate Formula: y (25)°(15 + 7V5) mes v V= 319736.23«m2 ° ‘66a eS ee et ae ae ens (eesbn ere) lume of the largest sphere can be inscribe ee eae) ee ees se ee eens ee be inscribed, 25cm Aah 38)" 3(419736.23) “T290358 7.84, 4, 2 Frere) The distance between vertices of a regular Coe tee ee a ORs ea be inscribed, Tiron hie ae Pee ce eae cna Cert Omen ety (G) radius of largest sphere that can be inscribed, Tiron hie ae Pee ce eae cna Cert Omen ety (G) radius of largest sphere that can be inscribed, 452em Alternate formula: Alternate formula: 1 ise FGL96) x 22.6 x2 V= 15299. 72cm" 1 ise FGL96) x 22.6 x2 V= 15299. 72cm" CeCe eee Coe nce ea a Ci) ORs eae be inscribed, sna) A= (V3) volume Srey adius of largest sphere that can be inscribed, 3(15389.72) 353038 = 13.05em, ee Ouertas Eten ) radius of the largest inscribed sphere. & ea enn Pe es CT Volume,¥ ers Set ‘ eed y= S8(8+¥5) _ $G0)°(3 +-¥5) z 12 Altemate formula: [V Total Surface Area, A, ° A.= 20a, radius of tnscribed sphere,r A= 20(5(40)sn60 3(2181.69) 35603 ‘866.03em2 1=7.56em Aternate formua:| a, =3°(6V3) er 5 two liquids. One white andthe other bl eee yer coe y et oa 3 a a eee aT a roared rr ee erry cat asp Wet We=¥ me pay cont ea ba tVo= * on—m Ea eg anrarng and Se st Ww=M ae pare gees ai w= arb eet od xe 26? ap 2x A r—4 =" ar-6) 7.333in ‘A hemispherical dome is 16 meters in Eee ha reyes eG et eas eee: Wooo ac eo er arcu hc) Coe Se ee ae poner Tee cece akon eee eee 20.5 cm, determine the following neti (2) Radius of the sphere (G) Lateral area of the frustum RO B10 nan 3 am * (wm 219° Aateip = 2008 2.93) asin2iaye h=293m 40m? ‘ters somber 147.28n0 Volume of Paint, Vrain Voaint = Tong finer sins = 14,73 Uters Vpains = ere nice tear (2) Radius ofthe sphere Omen rae © Volume of Frustum pcre 2 low . a ‘rustum v- "get aati) (OC eg ea 6 (3) Lateral area ofthe frustum weal 39) is(66)? +3(1025) +369] v= 915. acm Toe cece akin: Deca are 13.2 cm and (Rae a Eee dl io) v= Dat +30 +h) Om Siege 6 meee mie ta 268) 29 i966)? +3(10.25)' +35") v= 915. a6em* 38 = /R = 66 — far 1028? se , a Fi oR 11.98 % eee ice cet are 13.2 cm and poe ei Ou Meee erie) Cae pi or oo dam Ce mu Cae Sie hoo area of the cone, find the total volume (in eras eet 6 Volume of Frustum Th ego? 4 3b? + v= Doe +30 +1) G8) v = [30667 +3025) +387] v = 915,96em?* 66 ee 38 = VR? — 6.6? — VR? = 10.257 */ 102s ” ® Auaceat = Azone = 2e0h Arerat = 27(11.98) x 3.8 Arsterst = 286. 04¢m™ * General Prismatoid ~ is a solld such that the area of any section, say A, parallel to and distant y from a fixed plane can be expressed as a polynomial of y of degree not higher than the third, ay thy tera Where: ° a, b, ¢ are coefficients which may be positive, negative, of zero while d is a constant. ak gz | | i GAL t+ An + AD) Volume common to two equal cylinders with their axis meeting at right angles. EB, ae ee Shh) Volume = 26 a Common Volume ‘Volume common to th their axis meeting at right angles. aoa V= (ar/sy(o+acar2)+0) ~ [iwo" r ‘ste o Ga 6 ea Sansa SAS csades

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