Thermodynamics

Presentation by: BUSHRA NAWAZ

DEPTT :MINING
Introduction:
Thermodynamics used to describe the processes that
involve changes in temperature, transformation of
energy, and the relationships between heat and work.
Thermodynamics is only concerned with macroscopic
(large-scale) changes and observations
Getting Started
Energy conversion
System
Surrounding
Heat
Thermal equilibrium
Temperature
Pressure
Work
Sign convention
Energy conversion:
System
Concept!
System:
Definition:
“A system is a collection of matter within defined
boundaries. The boundaries may be flexible or fixed”
System types:
Closed system
Open system
Isolated system
Adiabatic System
Open System:
Definition:
“An open system is one in which there is a transfer of
mass across the boundaries”
Example:
the fluid in a turbine at any instance may b define as
an open system.
Example:
Example:
Close system:
Definition:
“such a system in which energy can exchange but
matter can’t”
Example:
the fluid in a cylinder of reciprocating engine during
the expansion stoke, whose boundaries are the
cylinder walls and piston crown. As piston moves so do
the boundaries move.
Example:
Isolated System:
No matter or energy cross system boundaries. No work
can be done on the system

Adiabatic System:
Special case where no heat can be exchanged but work
can be done on the system (e.g. PV work).
Surrounding:
Definition:
“Everything outside the boundary is the surroundings”
Heat:
Definition:
“heat is a form of energy which is transferred from one
body to another body at low temperature, by the virtue
of the temperature difference between the bodies”
Example:
Let a body A at certain temperature ,let 10°C is
brought into contact with a body B at high
temperature, let 20°C then there will be transfer of
heat from B to A, until the temperature of both are
equal.
.

i
Temperature:
Definition:
“The degree or intensity of heat present in a substance or
object”
Instrument calibration for temperature
measurement:
The length of column of mercury will vary with
temperature due to expansion and contraction of
mercury. The instrument can be calibrated by marking
the length of column when it is brought into thermal
equilibrium with the vapor of boiling water at
atmospheric pressure and again when it is in thermal
equilibrium with ice at atmospheric pressure.
Instruments:
Mercury thermometer
Gas thermometer
Etc
Mercury thermometer:
“Such a thermometer which contain mercury is
called mercury thermometer”

Kelvin Celsius Fahrenheit

Water boils 373.16K 100°C 212°F
Water freezes 273.16K 0°C 32°F
Gas thermometer:
“Such an instrument in which gas (e.g., oxygen,
helium, nitrogen, etc) are used as measure of
temperature , are called gas thermometer”
Pressure:
.
Pressure:
Definition:
“the pressure of the system is the force exerted by the
system on the unit area of its boundaries”
Formula
Mathematically:
P=F/A
where:
p= is the pressure,
F= is the normal force,
A=is the area of the surface on contact.
Unit:
units of pressure are:
Pascal: Pa=1N/m2
Bar
Question ?
1bar = ??? N/m2
bar= 10 ^5 N/m2 (approx equal to atm pressure)
Types of Pressure:
Atmospheric pressure
Gauge pressure
Absolute pressure
Vacuum pressure
Atmospheric Pressure:
Definition:
“Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area
exerted on a surface by the weight of air above that
surface in the atmosphere of Earth”
Gauge Pressure:
Definition:
“The excess pressure above atmospheric pressure is
usually called gauge pressure”
Explanation:
It is the pressure measured by the pressure measuring
devices. It measure the pressure in reference to
atmospheric pressure.
Absolute Pressure:
Definition:
“Total pressure at a point in a fluid equalling the sum
of the gauge and the atmospheric pressures”
Or
“pressure measured relative to absolute zero is termed
as absolute pressure”
Vacuum Pressure:
Definition:
“pressure below atmospheric pressure is negative
pressure and that negative pressure is vacuum
pressure”
Work:
Definition:
“it is the product of force and displacement moved in
the direction of the force”
W= force * displacement
=F*d
=F*d cosθ
Example:
Work is the form of energy i.e.; Transitory energy E.G.;
When a gas is contained in a well-lagged cylinder is
compressed by moving the piston the pressure and
temp of gas will increase and hence intrinsic energy of
gas increases. Since cylinder is well lagged, no heat can
flow into or out of gas. The increase in I.E of gas has
therefore caused by work done by piston on gas.
Sign Convention:
Work input to the system, W= positive
Work done by the system, W=negative

Heat input to the system, Q= positive

Heat rejected by the system, Q= negative