Review

Termodinamika I

4 November 2021
Agenda
Week 6 : Review materi
Week 3 p : Latihan soal per chapter
Week 7 : Pembahasan soal quiz/tugas

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Chapter
01
Identify the unique vocabulary associated with
thermodynamics through the precise definition of basic
concepts to form a sound foundation.

Review the metric SI and the English unit systems.

Explain the basic concepts of thermodynamics such as

system, state, state postulate, equilibrium, process, and
cycle.

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DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
5
State
►The condition of a system as described by its
properties.
►Example: The state of the system shown is
described by p, V, T,….
►The state often can be specified by providing the
values of a subset of its properties. All other
properties can be determined in terms of these few.

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Process
►A transformation from one state to another.
►When any of the properties of a system
changes, the state changes, and the system is
said to have undergone a process.
►Example: Since V2 > V1, at least one property
value changed, and the gas has undergone a
process from State 1 to State 2.
State 1: p1, V1, T1, … State 2: p2, V2, T2, …

Gas Gas

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Equilibrium

►When a system is isolated, it does not interact with

its surroundings; however, its state can change as a
consequence of spontaneous events occurring
internally as its intensive properties such as
temperature and pressure tend toward uniform
values. When all such changes cease, the system is
at an equilibrium state.
►Equilibrium states and processes from one
equilibrium state to another equilibrium state play
important roles in thermodynamic analysis.

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Chapter
02
Demonstrate understanding of key concepts related to
energy and the first law of thermodynamics.

Apply closed system energy balances, appropriately

modeling the case at hand, and correctly observing sign
conventions for work and heat transfer.

Conduct energy analyses of systems undergoing

thermodynamic cycles, evaluating as appropriate thermal
efficiencies of power cycles and coefficients of
performance of refrigeration and heat pump cycles.

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Closed System Energy Balance

►The closed system energy balance states:

The change in the
amount of energy
Net amount of energy
contained within transferred in and out
a closed system across the system boundary
during some time by heat and work during
interval the time interval

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Remember
►The closed system energy balance states:
The change in the
amount of energy
Net amount of energy
contained within transferred in and out
a closed system across the system boundary
during some time by heat and work during
interval the time interval

energy balance, including

what is meant by
energy change and energy
transfer
Change in Energy of a System
►In summary, the change in energy of a system
from state 1 to state 2 is

E2 – E1 = (U2 – U1) + (KE2 – KE1) + (PE2 – PE1)

DE = DU + DKE + DPE

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Energy Transfer
►Energy can be transferred to and from
closed systems by two means only:
►Work
►W > 0: work done by the system (work transfer from a system )
►W < 0: work done on the system (decreases it since the energy
transferred out)
►Heat
►Q > 0: heat transfer to the system
►Q < 0: heat transfer from the system

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Summary: Closed System Energy Balance
►The energy concepts introduced thus far are
summarized in words as follows:
change in the amount net amount of energy net amount of energy
of energy contained transferred in across transferred out across
within a system the system boundary by the system boundary
during some time heat transfer during by work during the
interval the time interval time interval

►Using previously defined symbols, this can be

expressed as: E2 – E1 = Q – W
►Alternatively, DKE + DPE + DU = Q – W

a minus sign appears before W because energy transfer by

work from the system to the surrounding is taken as positive.
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Remember
energy balance, including what is meant by
energy change and energy transfer

Kinetic energy Energy Transfer by Work

Gravitational potential energy
Energy Transfer by Heat
Internal energy
DE = Q – W
DE = DU + DKE + DPE

DKE + DPE + DU = Q – W
Closed System Energy Balance
►The time rate form of the closed system energy
balance is

►The rate form expressed in words is

time rate of change net rate at which net rate at which
of the energy energy is being energy is being
contained within transferred in transferred out
the system at by heat transfer by work at
time t at time t time t

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Chapter
03
Demonstrate understanding of key concepts . . . including phase
and pure substance, state principle for simple compressible
systems, p-v-T surface, saturation temperature and saturation
pressure, two-phase liquid-vapor mixture, quality, enthalpy, and
specific heats.
Apply the closed system energy balance with property data.

Sketch T-v, p-v, and phase diagrams, and locate states on these
diagrams.

Retrieve property data from Tables A-1 through A-23.

Apply the ideal gas model for thermodynamic analysis, including

determining when use of the model is warranted.

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 Phase Change
► Consider a closed system consisting of a unit mass
of liquid water at 20oC contained within a piston-
cylinder assembly.
► This state is represented by l (highlighted by the blue
dot).
► Liquid states such as this, where temperature is
lower than the saturation temperature corresponding
to the pressure at the state, are called compressed
liquid states.

l●
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 Saturated Liquid
 

f
●
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 Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor Mixture
► When the system is at the saturated liquid state,
additional heat transfer at fixed pressure results in the
formation of vapor without change in temperature but with
a considerable increase in specific volume as shown by
movement of the blue dot.
► With additional heating at fixed pressure, more vapor is
formed and specific volume increases further as shown by
additional movement of the blue dot.
► At these states,
the system now
consists of a
two-phase
liquid-vapor
mixture. ●f ●

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 Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor Mixture
► When a mixture of liquid and vapor exists in equilibrium,
the liquid phase is a saturated liquid and the vapor phase
is a saturated vapor.
► For a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture, the ratio of the
mass of vapor present to the total mass of the mixture is
its quality, x.
► The value of
quality ranges from
0 to 1.
► At saturated liquid
states, x = 0.

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 Saturated Vapor
► If the system is heated further until the last bit of
liquid has vaporized it is brought to the saturated
vapor state.
► This state is represented by g (highlighted by the blue
dot).
► At saturated vapor states, x = 1.

●
g

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Determine the quality (x) of a two phase liquid-vapor mixture of :

H2O at 20 oC with specific volume of 20 m3/kg.

Ammonia at 1 MPa with a specific volume of 0.1 m3/kg

v = (1 – x)vf + xvg = vf + x(vg – vf)

u = (1 – x)uf + xug = uf + x(ug – uf)
h = (1 – x)hf + xhg = hf + x(hg – hf)

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 Superheated Vapor
► When the system is at the saturated vapor state, further
heating at fixed pressure results in increases in both
temperature and specific volume.
► This state is represented by s (highlighted by the blue dot).
► Vapor states such as this, where temperature is higher than
the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure at
the state, are called superheated vapor states.

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 Property Data Use in the
Closed System Energy Balance
Example: A piston-cylinder assembly contains 2 kg of
water at 100oC and 1 bar. The water is compressed to a
saturated vapor state where the pressure is 2.5 bar.
During compression, there is a heat transfer of energy
from the water to its surroundings having a magnitude of
250 kJ. Neglecting changes in kinetic energy and
potential energy, determine the work, in kJ, for the
process of the water.
T
State 1 State 2 p2 = 2.5 bar
T1 = 100oC 2 kg Saturated vapor 2 p1 = 1 bar
p1 = 1 bar of water p2 = 2.5 bar ●
●1
T1 = 100 C
o

Q = –250 kJ
v
Hint : energy balance  table @ state  calculation Saturation temperature? Cek A-4 25
Property Data Use in the
Closed System Energy Balance
Solution: An energy balance for the closed system is
0 0
DKE + DPE +DU = Q – W
where the kinetic and potential energy changes are neglected.

Thus W = Q – m(u2 – u1)

State 1 is in the superheated vapor region and is fixed by
p1 = 1 bar and T1 = 100oC. From Table A-4, u1 = 2506.7 kJ/kg.

State 2 is saturated vapor at p2 = 2.5 bar. From Table A-3,

u2 = ug = 2537.2 kJ/kg.
W = –250 kJ – (2 kg)(2537.2 – 2506.7) kJ/kg = –311 kJ
The negative sign indicates work is done on the system as
expected for a compression process.
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Chapter
04
Demonstrate understanding of key concepts related to control
volume analysis including distinguishing between steady-state and
transient analysis, distinguishing between mass flow rate and
volumetric flow rate, and the meanings of one-dimensional flow
and flow work.

Apply mass and energy balances to control volumes.

Develop appropriate engineering models for control volumes, with

particular attention to analyzing components commonly
encountered in engineering practice such as nozzles, diffusers,
turbines, compressors, heat exchangers, throttling devices, and
integrated systems that incorporate two or more components.

Use property data in control volume analysis appropriately.

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Mass Rate Balance

time rate of change of time rate of flow of time rate of flow

mass contained within the mass in across of mass out across
control volume at time t inlet i at time t exit e at time t

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Mass Rate Balance
In practice there may be several locations
on the boundary through which mass enters
or exits. Multiple inlets and exits are
accounted for by introducing summations:

mass rate balance for control volumes with

several inlets and exits.
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Mass Rate Balance
(Steady-State Form)
►Steady-state: all properties are unchanging
in time.
►For steady-state control volume, dmcv/dt = 0.

(Eq. 4.6)

(mass rate in) (mass rate out)

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 Energy Rate Balance

time rate of change net rate at which net rate at which net rate of energy
of the energy energy is being energy is being transfer into the
contained within transferred in transferred out control volume
the control volume by heat transfer by work at accompanying
at time t at time t time t mass flow

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Evaluating Work for a Control Volume

The expression for work is

where
► accounts for work associated with rotating
shafts, displacement of the boundary, and electrical
effects.
► is the flow work at exit e.
► is the flow work at inlet i.
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Control Volume Energy Rate Balance
(One-Dimensional Flow Form)

For convenience substitute enthalpy, h = u + pv

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Control Volume Energy Rate Balance
(Steady-State Form)
►Steady-state: all properties are unchanging
in time.
►For steady-state control volume, dEcv/dt = 0.

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Temperature Rise due to Slapping

If you ever slapped someone or got slapped yourself, you probably

remember the burning sensation. Imagine you had the unfortunate occasion
of being slapped by an angry person, which caused the temperature of the
affected area of your face to rise by 1.8°C (ouch!). Assuming the slapping
hand has a mass of 1.2 kg and about 0.150 kg of the tissue on the face and
the hand is affected by the incident, estimate the velocity of the hand just
before impact. Take the specific heat of the tissue to be 3.8 kJ/kg · °C.

The face of a person is slapped. For the specified temperature rise of the affected part, the impact velocity
of the hand is to be determined.
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Calculating Compressor Power
Air enters a compressor operating at steady state at a pressure of 1 bar, a temperature of 290
K, and a velocity of 6 m/s through an inlet with an area of 0.1 m 2. At the exit, the pressure is
7 bar, the temperature is 450 K, and the velocity is 2 m/s. Heat transfer from the compressor
to its surroundings occurs at a rate of 180 kJ/min. Employing the ideal gas model, calculate
the power input to the compressor, in kW.

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Integration system analysis
An industrial process discharges 2x105 ft3/min of gaseous combustion products at
400 oF, 1 atm. A proposed system for utilizing the combustion products combines a
heat-recovery steam generator with a turbine. At steady state, combustion
products exit the steam generator at 260 oF, 1 atm and a separate stream of water
enters at 40 lbf/in.2, 102 oF with a mass flow rate of 275 lb/min. At the exit of the
turbine, the pressure is 1 lbf/in2 and the quality is 93%. Heat transfer from the
outer surfaces of the steam generator and turbine can be ignored, as can the
changes in kinetic and potential energies of the flowing streams. There is no
significant pressure drop for the water flowing through the steam generator. The
combustion products can be modeled as air as an ideal gas.

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39
a) The power developed by the turbine is determined from a control volume enclosing both
the steam generator and the turbine. Since the gas and water streams do not mix, mass rate
balances for each of the streams reduce, respectively, to give

For this control volume, the appropriate form of the steady-state energy
rate balance is

(Gas Ideal)

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Rencana Kelas Pengganti 2 sks

Senin Jum’at
[8 November 2021] [12 November 2021]
08.00 – 09.40 09.50 – 11.30
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Silahkan diisi sampai 4 November 2021 17.00 WIB
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Thank you

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