Science

Fiber to fabric, Physical and chemical changes, Heat

Fiber to fabric
The wool is obtained mainly from animals like sheep, yak and goat. Wool is acquired from
the fleece or hair of these animals.
Production of Wool from Sheep
• There are two types of fibers in sheep's hair: o The Rough beard hair o The soft under
hair which is present just near to the skin of the sheep
• Wool is made from the soft hair the sheep because of its fine quality
• Selective Breeding: Sometimes sheep are selected to gain a breed that has only fine soft
hair on the skin and less or no hard hair. This process is called Selective Breeding.
• The sheep are generally fed with grass common leaves, call, pulses, oil cakes and dry
fodder.
• Sheep are reared (breed and raised) all over India in order to acquire wool from them
such as in Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Arunachal Pradesh and Gujarat.
• The Process of obtaining Wool from the Hair Fibre of the Animals
• Step 1: Shearing It is a process of removing the fleece of the sheep along with a thin layer of its skin.
Shearing is conducted generally in hot weather so that the sheep do not feel cold and can survive easily.
The shearing process does not hurt the sheep because the upper part of the skin is normally dead skin.
• Step 2: Scouring It is a process of removing dirt, grease and dust from the hair removed from the
sheep. It is generally done with the help of machines.
• Step 3: Sorting It is the process of separating the hair of the sheep according to their textures.
• Step 4: Removing of burrs In this step, the burrs or small fibres present on the hair are picked out. Then
the hair is cleaned and dried out. The product so obtained is the wool that can now be converted into
fibres.
• Step 5: Coloring of wool fibres In this step, the fibres are dyed in different colours.
• Step 6: Rolling of wool In the last step, the fibres for wool so obtained is straightened out combed and
then rolled into a yarn,,
• The Process of Obtaining Wool Occupational Hazard In some industries, the workers have to face risks
of getting diseases and sometimes death. . These are called occupational hazards. Sorter’s disease is an
occupational hazard associated with the production of wool. The people who sort the wool can get
infected by bacteria called Anthrax. This bacterium infects the blood of the person which can lead to
fatal death.
The Production of Silk
• Silk is obtained from silkworms.
• Sericulture: is the breeding and raising of silkworms in order to obtain silk from them
• When the eggs of the silk moth hatch larvae are produced called Caterpillar or Silkworms.
• The next stage of the caterpillar’s life is called the Pupa
. • To enter into this stage the Caterpillar weaves a net that can hold it.
• The Caterpillar then swings its head in the shape of an eight. • As it swings its head ,fibre is
secreted.
• This fibre is made up of protein and as it comes in contact with air it hardens and forms the Silk
fibre.
• The Caterpillar then covers itself into silk and turns into Pupa.
• The covering of the Caterpillar is called the Cocoon.
• Then the Caterpillar turns into a silk moth inside this covering.
• The Silk thread on the Silk yarn is obtained from the cocoon.
• Different types of silk are obtained because of the different types of silk moths
Silk
• The Mulberry Silk Moth is the most common kind of silk moth that produces soft elastic and
shining silk
• Rearing: the silkworm farmers buy the eggs of the Silkmoth and raise them.
• These eggs are generally large in numbers as a single silk moth can lay about 100 eggs at a time.
• These eggs are stored in an environment having an appropriate temperature, humidity and
hygienic conditions.
• In order to hatch the larvae out of the eggs are heated.
• They are then kept in a bamboo tray.
• This process is conducted generally when the fresh leaves appear on the Mulberry trees so that
the Caterpillar can get enough feed.
• The Caterpillar feeds for around 25 to 30 days and then moves into a chamber in the tray to
build a cocoon.
• The cocoon when spun gets attached to the rocks present in the Bangalore train
Processing of Silk
• Firstly, as the cocoons are acquired they are kept under the sun or
boiled so that the Silk fibers can separate out from them.
• Then, the reeling of the silk takes place. It is a process in which the
cocoon’s threads are processed to be used as silk.
• The silk fibers thus obtained are drawn and rolled into threads
CHEMICAL CHANGES AND PHYSICAL
CHAMGES
Physical and chemical change
• There are several changes we come across daily e.g dissolving sugar in water, or flattening
a metal rod by beating it. These involve changes in the form of the substance. Changes can
be classified as:
(i) Physical
(ii) Chemical
• Physical properties
Physical properties include size, shape, colour and state (solid/liquid/gas) of a substance.
• Physical change
• Any change to the physical properties of a substance is called a physical change.
• Physical changes are usually reversible as no new substance is formed. It is the same
substance but with changed physical properties.
• Chemical change
• A change in which one or more new substances are formed is called as a chemical change.
• Usually a chemical change involves a chemical reaction, which forms new products.
• Example : Rusting of Iron, or burning wood.
 Metallic Oxides

• Formation of metal oxides are examples of chemical changes. They are formed by
the reaction of oxygen in air.
– Burning of Magnesium ribbon:
– 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
– The product formed is the oxide of magnesium, which is in the form of ash. It
does not look anything like the magnesium ribbon used for burning.
• Reaction of metallic oxides with water
• Reaction of metal oxides with water form metal hydroxides.
• Example dissolving Magnesium oxide in water, by stirring the ash very well with
water.
• MgO + H2O → Mg(OH)2
• The product formed is basic in nature and turns red litmus paper → blue
Chemical change
• Reaction between baking soda and vinegar
• When a pinch of baking soda is added to vinegar we hear a hissing sound and observe the formation
of bubbles.
• – Vinegar (Acetic Acid) + Baking Soda (Sodium bicarbonate)  → CO 2 (Carbon dioxide) + Other
products
The carbon dioxide produced during the reaction of Vinegar and baking soda, when passed through
lime water gives calcium carbonate, as follows:
– CO2 + Ca(OH)2 (lime water) → Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) + H2O
– The calcium carbonate turns lime water milky.

• Observations that indicate a chemical change

• Heat or light is absorbed or given out during a chemical reaction.
• Production of sound
• Production of gases or precipitates
• Production of smell
• A colour change may occur
Rusting

• When substances made of Iron are exposed to oxygen and

moisture in the atmosphere, it forms a red layer, which is
called rust.
• The formation of rust can be represented by the following
reaction:
• 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3. The chemical formula for rust is
Fe2O3.nH2O. More the moisture in the air, quicker the formation
of rust.
Galvanisation and Crystallisation
• The process of depositing zinc on the surface of Iron to prevent
rusting is called as galvanisation.
– Example: Iron water pipes are galvanised. Ships are made out
of iron which is galvanised. Due to the presence of salts in
seawater, the process of rusting is hastened. Hence ships need to
replace their iron body every year.
• Crystallisation
– The process of separation of salts from their solution is called
as crystallisation. It is a purification technique that purifies
seawater or separates crystals from impure samples. It is a
physical change.
 Heat
• Heat is a form of energy which makes the substance hot. In
winter, it is our common experience that we feel cold inside the
house and if we come out in front of sun rays, then we feel warm. 
Hot and Cold
• In our daily routine, we come across a number of objects, out of
which some are hot while other objects are cold, e.g. when a
frying pan kept on a burning gas stove becomes hot but the
handle of the pan is cold. Even among the hot objects, some
objects may be hotter than the other. In the same manner,
among the cold objects, some objects may be colder than the
other. So, if I ask you how you decide the relative hotness or
coldness of objects, then your answer will be’by simply touching
the objects’. But our sense of touch is not enough in telling us
whether an object is really hot or cold so, this can be
understood by performing a simple activity.
Temperature and Thermometer
• The degree of hotness or coldness of the object is known as the temperature of an object.
The temperature of an object is an only property that indicates which object is hot and
which one is cold. A high temperature of a body indicates that it is very hot whereas a low
temperature of the object indicates that it is quite cold, e.g. the temperature of boiling
water is quite high, so boiling water appears to be very hot. On the other side, the
temperature of melting ice is quite low. So, ice appears to be very cold on touch.
• t is measured by using an instrument called thermometer, which has a scale marked on it
which is used to read the temperature, e.g. the scale in laboratory thermometer is marked
along the length of thermometer’s tube between 0° mark and 100° mark into 100 equal
divisions. So, each division is called a degree. The temperature of an object should always
be stated with its unit. So, the most common unit for measuring temperature is degree
Celsius (°C).
• oth the clinical thermometer and laboratory thermometer are mercury thermometers. So,
when a particular amount of heat is supplied to the thermometer bulb consisting of
mercury (by the hot body whose temperature is to be measured), then the mercury
expands and get rises in the glass tube of the thermometer. This fact is used in measuring
the temperature.
Clinical Thermometer
It is the thermometer which is used for measuring the temperature of
the human body. In case of fever, it is used by a doctor (or at home) to
measure the temperature of the patient. This thermometer consists of
a long glass tube having a thin and uniform bore. There is a glass bulb
at one end of the glass tube which consists of mercury as shown in
the figure given below:
 Transfer of Heat
Heat flows from a hot object to a cold object or
heat flows from an object at the higher
temperature to another object which is at a lower
temperature. This flow of heat is known as the
transfer of heat, e.g. if you dip a steel spoon into a
cup of hot tea, then we will find that the
temperature of spoon rises and it becomes hot. In
this case, some of the heat contained in hot tea
has been transferred to spoon which is placed
inside it.
Transfer of heat
• When the two objects attain the same temperature, then the flow of heat stops. This means that no heat will be transferred
from one object to another if the temperature of the two objects is the same.
There are three ways through which heat can be transferred from a hot object to a cold object.
• By conduction (in solid, heat is transferred by conduction)
• By convention (in liquid and gases, heat is transferred by convection)
• By radiation (in free space or vacuum, heat is transferred by radiation)
Let us discuss all the three ways of heat transfer.
• 1. Conduction
The mode of transfer of heat from hotter part of a material to its colder part or from a hot material to a cold material in
contact with it, without the movement of material as a whole, is known as conduction. In all the solids, heat is transferred by
the process of conduction.
• Conductor and Insulator of Heat
Materials which allow heat to be conducted through them easily are conductors of heat. Those metals such as iron, copper,
silver, aluminium, etc., are good conductors of heat.
• Bad conductors of heat are those materials which do not allow heat to be conducted through them easily. These materials
are also known as insulators of heat. Wood, plastic and glass are insulators of heat.
• Conductor and Insulator of Heat
Materials which allow heat to be conducted through them easily are conductors of heat. Those metals such as iron, copper,
silver, aluminium, etc., are good conductors of heat.
• Bad conductors of heat are those materials which do not allow heat to be conducted through them easily. These materials
are also known as insulators of heat. Wood, plastic and glass are insulators of heat.
Transfer of Heat
• Radiation
The mode of transfer of heat through which heat energy from a
hot body to a cold body by means of heat rays without any
material medium between them is known as radiation, e.g. the
sun’s heat reaches the earth by the process of radiation. The
sun is very far away from the earth, and there is mainly an
empty space (vacuum) between the sun and the earth even,
then the heat from the sun reaches the earth. This is due to the
fact that the sun being extremely hot, emits invisible heat
radiation (or infrared rays) in all directions.
Clothes
• During hot summer days, people prefer to wear white clothes or light coloured
clothes because light coloured clothes absorb less heat from the sun and
hence, keep us cool and comfortable in hot weather while in the cold winter
days people prefer to wear dark clothes because the dark coloured clothes
absorb more heat rays from the sun and keep us warm in winter season.
• Thus, we can say that dark coloured objects absorb heat better and also emit
heat better than light coloured objects. Now, let us try to study this concept on
the basis of the given activity.
• In the winters, we use woollen clothes. Wool is a poor conductor of heat.
Moreover, there is air trapped in between the wool fibres. This air prevents the
flow of heat from our body to the cold surroundings. So, we feel warm.
• We hope the given CBSE Class 7 Science
Sea and Land Breezes
•
The blowing of sea breeze and land breeze in coastal areas is generally occurred
due to the convection of heat in air.
• In coastal areas during the day time, the breeze generally flows from the sea
towards the land and during the night time, blows from the land towards the sea.
Sea and land breezes are actually convection of heat.
• During the day, the land heats up more than water. Due to this, the air over the land
becomes hotter and lighter and rises up. So, the air from the sea which is cooler
and heavier rushes to take the place created by hot rising air. Therefore, a sea
breeze blows during the day.
• During the night, the land loses heat faster than water and becomes cooler and the
air over the sea is now warmer due to which, it rises up and the cooler air over the
land rushes to take its place. Therefore, we observe a land breeze at night.
Convection
• Convection in Water
Water is a poor conductor of heat. So, due to this reason, it
cannot transfer heat by conduction but it transfers heat by the
process of convection.
• Convection in Air
Air is a very poor conductor of heat, Air transfers heat from its
hotter parts to the colder parts by the process of convection.
• Carbonic acid is a weak acid
• Mineral Acid is concentrated and is made In laborites And are strong
•