Three Phase Induction Motors

 Basic Induction Motor Concepts

 The Development of Induced Torque in an Induction
Motor
 A three-phase set of voltages has been applied to the stator, and a three-
phase set of stator currents is flowing.
These currents produce a magnetic field 𝐵𝑠 , which is rotating in a
clockwise/counterclockwise direction. The speed of the magnetic field's
rotation is given by
120𝑓𝑒
𝑛𝑠 𝑦 𝑛 =
𝑐
𝑃
Where 𝑓𝑒is the system frequency applied to the stator in
hertz P is the number of poles in the machine.
𝑛 𝑠 𝑦 𝑛 𝑐 is called the synchronous speed in rpm (revolutions 2

per minute)
 Cont.
…
 This rotating magnetic field 𝐵𝑠 passes over the rotor bars and
induces a voltage in them.
 The voltage induced in a given rotor bar is given by the equation
𝑣×𝐵
𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑 =
where 𝑣 = Velocity of the bar relative .to𝑙 the magnetic
field B = Magnetic flux density vector
𝑙= length of conductor in the magnetic field
 It is the relative motion of the rotor compared to the stator magnetic
field that produces induced voltage in a rotor bar.
3
 Cont.
…
 This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and produces
an induced voltage in the rotor windings.
 Due to the fact that the rotor windings are short circuited, for both
squirrel cage and wound-rotor, and induced current flows in the rotor
windings.
  kB
The rotor current flow R  Bs
produces a rotor magnetic field 𝐵𝑅 .
ind
A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those two
magnetic fields
Where 𝜏 𝑖 𝑛 𝑑 is the induced torque and
k is a constant representing the construction of the machine. 4
BR and BS are the magnetic flux densities of the rotor and the stator
 Working Principle of 3 Phase Induction
Motor
 When three phase supply is given to the three phase stator winding of the
induction motor, a rotating magnetic field is developed around the stator
which rotates at synchronous speed.
 This rotating magnetic field passes through the air gap and cuts the rotor
conductors which were stationary. Due to the relative speed between the
stationary rotor conductors and the rotating magnetic field, an emf is
induced in the rotor conductors. As the rotor conductors are short
circuited, current starts flowing through it.
 As these current carrying rotor conductors are placed in the magnetic
field produced by the stator, they experiences a mechanical force i.e.
torque which moves the rotor in the same direction as that of the
rotatin g magnetic field.
2 3
 Induction Motor
Speed
 At what speed will the IM run?
 Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
 If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the same speed of the
rotating magnetic field, then the rotor will appear stationary to the
rotating magnetic field and the rotating magnetic field will not cut the
rotor. So, no induced current will flow in the rotor and no rotor
magnetic flux will be produced so no torque is generated and the rotor
speed will fall below the synchronous speed.
 When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will cut the rotor
windings and a torque is produced.
 So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than the synchronous 24
 Rotor
Slip
 The voltage induced in a rotor bar of an induction motor depends on
the speed of the rotor relative to the magnetic
fields.
 called
The the difference
Slip between the motor speed and the synchronous speed
speed.
is
nslip  nsync  nm
Where nslip= slip speed of the machine
nsync= speed of the magnetic
field
nm = mechanical
shaft speed of the motor 25
 The Slip
 Slip is the relative speed expressed on a per-unit or a percentage
basis.

Where s is the slip

This equation can also be expressed in terms of angular velocity
𝜔(radians per second) as

 Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous

speed, s = 0 if the rotor is stationary, s = 1 8
 Cont.
…
 The mechanical speed of the rotor shaft can expressed in terms
of synchronous speed and slip.
 From the above expression for slip, solving equations for mechanical
speed yields
Or

 These equations are useful in the derivation of induction motor torque

and power relationships.

9
 Induction Motors and
Transformers
 Both IM and transformer works on the principle of induced voltage.
 Transformer: voltage applied to the primary windings produce an
induced voltage in the secondary windings.
 Induction motor: voltage applied to the stator windings produce an
induced voltage in the rotor windings.
 The difference is that, in the case of the induction motor, the
secondary windings can move.
 Due to the rotation of the rotor (the secondary winding of the IM), the
induced voltage in it does not have the same frequency of the stator
(the primary) voltage.
10
 Frequenc
y
 The frequency of the voltage induced in the rotor is
given by

 Since the slip of the rotor is defined as

Where 𝑓𝑟= rotor frequency

(Hz) 𝑓𝑒 = supply s= 29
 Cont.
…
 What would be the frequency of the rotor’s induced voltage at any
speed nm?

 When the rotor is blocked (s=1) , the frequency of the induced

voltage is equal to the supply frequency.
 On the other hand, if the rotor runs at synchronous speed (s = 0),
the frequency will be zero.

12
 Torqu
e
 While the input to the induction motor is electrical power, its output is
mechanical power and for that we should know some terms and
quantities related to mechanical power.
 Any mechanical load applied to the motor shaft will introduce a Torque
on the motor shaft. This torque is related to the motor output power and
the rotor speed.

 load 
Pout N.m and m  2 nm rad /
m s
60

13
 Horse Power
 Another unit used to measure mechanical power is the horse
power.
 It is used to refer to the mechanical output power of the motor.
 There is a relation
h p between
7 4 6 w ahorse
t t s power and watts.

Example: A 208-V, 10hp, four pole, 60 Hz, Y-connected induction motor

has a full-load slip of 5 percent
a) What is the synchronous speed of this motor?
b) What is the rotor speed of this motor at rated load?
c) What is the rotor frequency of this motor at rated load?
d) What is the shaft torque of this motor at rated 32
Solutio
n 120 fe 120(60)
a) nsync  P  4  1800 rpm

b) nm  (1 s)ns
 (1 0.05) 1800  1710
rpm
c) f r  sfe  0.05 60  3Hz

d)  load  Pout  Pout

m nm
2 60

10 hp  746 watt / hp
  41.7
33

1710 2  (1/ 60)

N.m
Any Question
?