Module : 3

MOS Operational Amplifiers:

Stability and Frequency Compensation: General Considerations, Multipole
systems, Phase margin, Frequency compensation, compensation of two stage op-
amps
Op-amp Design: General Considerations, performance parameters, One-stage op-
amps, Two-stage op-amps, Gain Boosting, Common-mode feedback, Input range
limitations(ICMR), Slew Rate, Power supply rejection, Noise in op-amps. Design of
single ended and double ended two stage Op-amps
Figure: (a) Basic negative-feedback system, and (b) phase shift around the loop at ω1.

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Figure: Bode plots of loop transmission for (a) unstable and (b) stable systems.
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Figure: Time-domain response of a system versus the position of poles:
(a) unstable with growing amplitude; (b) unstable with constant-amplitude oscillation; 6
(c) stable.
Figure: Bode plots of loop transmission for a one-pole system.
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 Multipole Systems

Figure: Bode plots of loop transmission for a two-pole system. 8

Figure: (a) Bode plots of loop transmission for a three-pole system and
(b) closed-loop response. 9
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Figure: Closed-loop frequency and time response for (a) small and (b) large margin
between gain and phase crossover points. 11
Figure: Frequency compensation by (a) moving PX out and (b) pushing GX in.
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Figure: Two-stage op amp.
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Figure: Bode plots of loop gain of two-stage op amp.

Figure: Miller compensation of a two-stage op amp.

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Operational Amplifiers

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Figure: Cascode op amp.

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Figure 9.3 Simple common-source stage.
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Small-Signal Bandwidth

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Operational Amplifiers

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Figure: Cascode op amp.

One-Stage Op Amps

Figure: Simple op amp topologies. 22

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Figure 9.8 Cascode op amps.
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Figure: Telescopic cascode op amp with input and output shorted.
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Folded-Cascode Op Amps

Figure: Folded-cascode amplifiers. 30

Figure: (a) Telescopic and (b) folded-cascode op amp topologies.

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Figure: Folded-cascode op amp with cascode PMOS loads.
Figure: (a) Half circuit of folded cascode op amp, (b) equivalent circuit for Gm
calculation, and (c) equivalent circuit for Rout calculation.
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Two-Stage Op Amps

Figure: Two-stage op amp.

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Figure 9.23 Simple implementation of a two-
stage op amp. 35
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 Gain Boosting

Figure: Arrangements for calculation of (a) transconductance, and (b) output

resistance. 37
 Common-Mode Feedback

Figure: (a) Simple differential pair; (b) circuit with inputs shorted to outputs. 38
Input Range Limitations

Figure: Unity-gain buffer.

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Figure: Extension of input CM range. 40
Figure: Variation of equivalent transconductance with the input
CM level.
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 Slew Rate
What is Slew Rate?

• It is the maximum rate of

o/p voltage change per
unit time
• The slew rate should be as
high as possible to ensure
the maximum undistorted
o/p voltage swing
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Figure: Response of a linear circuit to an input step.

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Figure: Response of linear op amp to step response.

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Assuming R1 + R2 >> Rout, we have

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Figure: Slewing in an op amp circuit.

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Figure: Small-signal operation of a simple op amp.
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Power Supply Rejection

Figure: Supply rejection of differential

pair with active current mirror. 49
Noise in Op Amps

Figure 9.84 Noise in a

telescopic op amp.

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