Microprocessors - I

Yashar Hajiyev
General View of Computer System

Mainboard
General View of Computer System
General View of Mother Board
General Definition

mainboard
Microprocessors
Microprocessors
 Typical Motherboard (Pentium III)

15
16
 Typical Motherboard Architecture (Pentium III)

17
Microprocessors
 İntel 80486DX2 mikroprosessorunun inteqral sxemi (real ölçüsü 12×6.75 mm) :

25
 MICROPROCESSOR YEAR SPEED WORD TRANSISTORS MIPS
LENGTH
Intel 4004 1969 108 KHz 4-bit 2,300 .06
Intel 8008 1972 200 KHz 8-bit 3,500 .06
Intel 8080 1974 2 MHz 8-bit 6,000 .64
Intel 8086 1978 4.47 MHz 16-bit 29,000 .66
Intel 8088 1981 4.47 MHz 16-bit 29,000 .75
Intel 80286 1982 12 MHz 16-bit 134,000 2.66
Intel 80386 1985 16-33 MHz 32-bit 275,000 4
Intel 80486 (i486) 1989 20-100 MHz 32-bit 1.2 Million 70
Intel 80586 (Pentium) 1993 75-200 MHz 32-bit 3.3 Million 126 -
203
Intel Pentium Pro 1995 150-200 MHz 32-bit 5.5 Million 300
Intel Pentium MMX 1997 166-233 MHz 32-bit 4.5 Million -
Intel Pentium II 1997 233-450 MHz 32-bit 7.5 Million -
Intel Pentium III 1999 450-933 MHz 32-bit Over 9.5 Million -
Intel Itanium Processor  2000 1 GHz 64-bit 15,000,000 1,200
(formerly Merced Processor)
Processor Number Cache Clock # of Cores/ Max TDP/ Memory Graphics
Speed # of Threads Power Types
Intel® Core™ i7- 4.0 MB 2.00 GHz 2/ 4 15 DDR3L- Intel® HD
5550U Processor (4M 1333/1600, Graphics
Cache, up to 3.00 LPDDR3- 6000
GHz) 1333/1600

Intel® Core™ i7- 4.0 MB 3.10 GHz 2/ 4 28 DDR3L- Intel® Iris™

5557U Processor (4M 1333/1600, Graphics
Cache, up to 3.40 LPDDR3- 6100
GHz) 1333/1600

Intel® Core™ i7- 4.0 MB 2.40 GHz 2/ 4 15 DDR3L- Intel® HD

5500U Processor (4M 1333/1600, Graphics
Cache, up to 3.00 LPDDR3- 5500
GHz) 1333/1600

Intel® Core™ i7- 4.0 MB 2.60 GHz 2/ 4 15 DDR3L- Intel® HD

5600U Processor (4M 1333/1600, Graphics
Cache, up to 3.20 LPDDR3- 5500
GHz) 1333/1600
Microprocessor structural
organization
(architecture)
Microprocessor structural
organization
(architecture)
Microprocessor Structural Organization
(architecture)
Basic structure of a Pentium microprocessor
Major functional components of Pentium microprocessor
Core:   is execution unit → heart of Pentium. Two parallel integer pipelines for
simultaneously reading , interpretation, execution and dispatching of two instructions.

Branch Predictor:  it tries to guess which sequence will be executed .

each time program contains conditional jump  Pre-fetch and Decode Unit can
get instructions ready in advance.

Floating Point Unit:  3rd execution unit for non-integer calculations;

Level 1 Cache:  two on-chip caches of 8KB each, → one for code and one for data.
They are far quicker than larger external secondary cache.

Bus Interface:  to bring mixture of code/data into CPU. To separate flow for use,
and then recombines them and sends them back out.

Clock :  dictates how fast all elements of processor operates.

First microprocessors →100KHz clock,; Pentium Pro 200MHz clock;
Program Counter (PC) :  is internal memory location → contains address of next
instruction to be executed;

Control Unit :  transfers instruction from memory to its Instruction Register (IR).
Microprocessor structural
organization
(architecture)
Optimization of architectures by speeding up operations most frequently
used while reducing instruction complexities and number of addressing
modes —
Reduced Instructions Set Computers (RISC).

Huge number of addressing modes considered further adds

to complexity of instructions.
Machines following → this philosophy→

Complex Instructions Set Computers (CISC).

 General Definition

 In general, a computer system has some resources

which may be utilized to solve a problem. They
are 
 Memory
 Processor(s)
 I/O
 File System
 etc.
General Definition

processor
 General Definition
 Another aspect for the usage
of OS is that; it is used as a Application Programs

predefined library for

System Programs
hardware-software
interaction. Operating System
 This is why, system programs
Machine Language
apply to the installed OS
since they cannot reach
HARDWARE
hardware directly.