Identifying Various Potential

Earthquake Hazards
 Learning Competency:
Identify various potential earthquake
hazards
•Learning Objectives
1. identify various potential earthquake
hazards and ways to minimize it;
2. appreciate the value of preparedness
and resilience in disastrous situations;
and
Earthquake
 Introduction
•An earthquake is a sudden
movement of the ground as a
result of release of energy in the
Earth's lithosphere that creates
seismic waves.
Plater Tectonics Theory

Alfred Wegener
All the continents joined
together as one
supercontinent which he
called “Pangea”
meaning all the Earth
3 Types of Boundaries

1.Converg
ent
2.
Transform
 We Filipinos Are Disaster-Resilient, Aren’t We?
By Rodgem A. Barairo
   
To reduce disaster, is an impossibility Never believe
Never ever say, Our nation can be great again
  Because truth is
We can prepare Filipinos are not resilient
We can think of ways  
Because truth is Forget the thought
We’re hopeless, down on bended knees That we can’t make it
Never ever say
Never believe There’s hope after a disaster!
The government and Filipinos are capable
Because reality is
We can’t work hand in hand
There are two types of
earthquakes:
Tectonic earthquakes are those
generated by the sudden displacement
along faults in the solid and rigid
layer of the earth. Earthquakes
induced by rising lava or magma
beneath active volcanoes are called
• Another vital bit that we need to review is
focused on fault. A fault refers to a fracture,
fissure or a zone of weakness where movement
or displacement has occurred or may occur
again; a fault is said to be “active fault” if it has
historical and contemporary seismicity, has
evidence of fault slip based on displaced rocks
or soil units of known age and displaced
•Lastly, earthquakes pose several hazards
to our natural and built environment.
Hazards pertains to dangerous
phenomenon (substance or human
activity) that may cause loss of life,
injury or other health impacts, property
damage, loss of livelihood and services,
Magnitude and Intensity!

•Magnitude- This measures the

energy released by an
earthquake and is assessed
through seismograph.
•Intensity- This refers to the
actual effects and damages
EARTHQUAKE-RELATED
HAZARDS
•Earthquakes really pose little direct
danger to a person. People can't be
shaken to death by an earthquake. Some
movies show scenes with the ground
suddenly opening up and people falling
into fiery pits, but this just doesn't
happen in real life.
• However, we have earthquake-related hazards
that makes an earthquake capable of bringing a
tragedy into life. The type of hazard an
earthquake can make depends on the strength of
its seismic activity, along with such factors as
local topographic and built features, subsurface
geology and groundwater. It is expected that a
large earthquake will always be followed by a
 • Different
Earthquake-related
Hazards
1. GROUND SHAKING or GROUND
MOTION (Vibrations)
• It refers to what we feel when energy built
up by the application of stress to the
lithosphere is released by faulting during an
earthquake. Technically, it is described as the
disruptive up, down and sideways vibration
of the ground during an earthquake.
How Are Earthquake Vibrations
Generated?
• Most natural earthquakes are caused by sudden slippage
along fault zone. A fault is a fracture on which one body of
rock slides past another. Slippage along a fault is hindered
because there are irregularities on the fault plane. If it were
smooth, blocks on opposite sides of fault will just slide past
each other continuously.
 2. GROUND RAPTURE
•The creation of new or the renewed
movement of old fractures, oftentimes with
two blocks on both side moving in opposite
direction.
 How Do Ground
Ruptures Form?
• An earthquake is generated when fault moves, as its frictional
resistance could not match the large amount of accumulated stress
related to plate motion. The lithosphere breaks when its strength is
overcome by the large amount of stress applied. Rock failure that
involves the slipping of lithosphere blocks past each other is called
faulting. When an earthquake is strong enough, faulting initiated at
depths may breach the earth 'surface to from ground ruptures.
 3. TSUNAMI
• A tsunami is composed of sea waves resulting from the
disturbance of ocean floor by an earthquake. These are
series of giant sea waves commonly generated by
under-the-sea earthquakes and travel 20-30 miles per
hour with waves 10- 100 feet high.
A tsunami is a huge sea wave triggered by a
violent displacement of the ocean floor.
Underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions
or landslides can cause tsunami. As it
approaches a shallow coastline, its speed
decreased, but the height of the tsunami
increases drastically, bringing so much
How Is a Tsunami
Generated?
• A tsunami may occur when ocean water is displaced suddenly
causing the formation of waves that reach the shore in large
heights. The movement of an offshore fault during an earthquake
may trigger displacement of ocean water if accompanied by an
uplift of the seabed. This causes a piece of seabed to be pushed up
unto the overlying ocean. The water above is displaced or pushed
up, triggering waves to be formed.
 4. LIQUEFACTION
• is a process that transforms the behavior of a body
of sediments from that of a solid to that of a liquid
when subjected to extremely intense shaking.
Liquefaction takes place when loosely packed,
water-logged sediments at or near the ground
surface lose their strength in response to strong
ground shaking.
 How Does Liquefaction
Occur?
• When the ground shakes, some areas especially those made of
wet fine sand are subjected to liquefaction. The shaking caused
by the passing of seismic waves, mainly shear or S-wave, causes
loss of equilibrium or disturbance of the granular structure.
Vibration rearranges sand particles from a loose arrangement of
grains into more compact state. This results in increased pore
pressure between grains. Once pressure exceeds the weight of
overlying material, water is released and cause the sediment
grains to separate as they are pushed apart. The sediments
become more mobile and attain a jelly-like consistency. From a
solid state, the sediments are transformed into a liquefied state
Earthquake motion can turn loosely packed, water-
saturated soil to liquid—"liquefaction.” Liquefied soil
becomes less compact and ultimately lose the ability to
support roads, buried pipes, and, of course, houses. It is
caused by vibration or saturation with water which causes
the soil to decrease in density. This poses danger for it lead
to unstable structures of buildings due to ground
subsidence.
 5. EARTHQUKE-INDUCED
LANDSLIDE
• Is the down slope movement of rocks, solid and other
debris commonly triggered by strong shaking. It is also
defined as failures in steep or hilly slopes triggered by an
earthquake. Landslides may result in falling rocks and
debris that collide with people, buildings and vehicles.
They can also block roads and disrupt utility lines.
•Landslides
•Seismic vibration is a common triggering mechanism
for landslides. Landslides can have particularly
devastating effects like floods, blocking of rivers,
death, and damage to land and natural resources.
Landslides can be prevented by reinforcing slope
material, modifying the pathway for surface and
underwater and by putting piles and retaining walls.
Fires

•Earthquakes cause fires. Even moderate

ground shaking can break gas and
electrical lines, sever fuel lines, and
overturn stoves. To further complicate
things, water pipes rupture, so it would
be impossible to extinguish the fire.
 Most commonly used methods of reducing
earthquake risks.
•Effective recording and interpretation of
ground motion
This can be done by effective instrumentation in
order to determine the location, strength and
frequency of earthquakes. This assists in providing
alerts and warnings especially to high-risk or
vulnerable areas for preparation and emergency
response.
• Constructing seismic hazard maps
A seismic hazard map shows the potential
hazards in a given area. In many regions in
our country, seismic expectancy maps or
hazard maps are now available for planning
purposes. It serves as basis for disaster
management information like locations for
evacuation and evacuation routes. The
• Developing resistant structures
Resistant structures are able to withstand collapse
by redistributing forces caused by seismic waves
through shear walls. Developing engineered
structural designs that are able to resist the forces
generated by seismic waves can be achieved either
by following building codes based on hazard maps
or by appropriate methods of analysis.
Drop, Cover and Hold!
Lamesa! An Amazing invention!
• Create a minimum of 8 to 10 -box
comic strip which encourages
people to appreciate the value of
knowing earthquake hazards and
risk reduction.

1. Action
2. Landscape and props
3. Textboxes and bubbles
4. Excitement and interest
5. Time of Submission