Frame Analysis Byfinite Element Method: Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek

CHAPTER 6
FRAME ANALYSIS BYFINITE

ELEMENT METHOD
1
Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek
INTRODUCTION
• Deform axially and transversely.
• It is capable of carrying both axial and transverse
forces, as well as moments.
• Hence combination of truss and beam elements.
• Frame elements are applicable for the analysis of
skeletal type systems of both planar frames (2D
frames) and space frames (3D frames).
• Known generally as the beam element or general
beam element in most commercial software.
2
FEM EQUATIONS FOR PLANAR FRAMES
• Consider a planar frame element
 d1   u1  
d   v  
 2  1   diplacement components at node 1
 d3   z1  

de      
 d 4   u2  
 d5   v2  
 diplacement components at nodey,2 v
     x, , u
 d 6   z 2  
Y, V node 2
(u2, v2, z2)
z
node 1
(u1, v1, z1) l=2a
X, U
z 3
Equations in local coordinate system
• Combination of the element matrices of truss and

beam elements
From the truss element,
 u1  d1  u1 d 4  u2
v  Truss
 1  
 
d e   z1   AE
2a 0 0  AE
2a 0 0   d1  u1
 u2  
 v2  Beam  0 0 0 0 0 
 
 z 2  truss
 0 0 0 0
k e  

AE
2a 0 0   d 4  u2
 sy. 0 0
 
(Expand to 6x6)  0 
4
From the beam element,

d 2 (v1 ) d3 ( z1 ) d5 (v2 ) d 6 ( z 2 )
   
0 0 0 0 0 0 
 3 EI z 3 EI z
0  32EIa 3z 3 EI z 
 2a 3
2a2 2 a 2   d 2  v1
 2 EI z
0  32EIa 2z EI z 
 d 3   z1
 
a a
k beam
e
 0 0 0 
 3 EI z 
 sy. 2 a3
 32EIa 2z   d5  v2
 2 EI z 
 a   d 6   z 2
(Expand to 6x6)
5
 AE 0 0  AE
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

2a 2a
 3 EI z 3 EI z
0  32EIa3z 3 EI z 
 0 0 0 0 0  2a 3
2a 2
2 a2 
 0 0 0 0  2 EI z
0  32EIa2z EI z 
+  
a a
k truss
e   k beam
e

AE
2a
0 0  0 0 0 
 0 0  3 EI z 
sy.  sy.  32EIa2z 
  2 a3
 0  2 EI z 
 a 
 AE
2a 0 0  AE
2a 0 0 
 3 EI z 3 EI z
0  32EIa 3z 3 EI z 
 2a 3
2a 2
2a2 
 2 EI z
0  32EIa 2z EI z

a a
 ke   

AE
2a
0 0 
 sy. 3 EI z
 32EIa 2z 
2a3
 2 EI z

 a  6
Equations in global coordinate system
• Coordinate transformation Y D3j - 1
v2 x
y u2
x
z
D23j D3j -2
o  X
global node j
d e  TD e v1 D3i-1
local node 2
u1
global node i D2j
z1
local node 1
2a
where D3i 0 D3i -2
fs1
 D3i  2  l x mx 0 0 0 0
D  l my 0 0 0 0
 3i 1  y
 D3i  0 0 1 0 0 0
De  
D
 , T  0 0 0 lx mx 0

 3 j 2  
 D3 j 1  0
  0 0 ly my 0
 D3 j   
 0 0 0 0 0 1
7
Y D3j - 1
v2 x
y u2
x
Direction cosines in T: z
D23j D3j -2
o  X
X j  Xi global node j
l x  cos( x, X )  cos   local node 2
le v1 D3i-1
u1
D2j
Y j  Yi global node i
local node 1
z1
mx  cos( x, Y )  sin   D3i -2
2a
le D3i 0
fs1

Y j  Yi
l y  cos( y, X )  cos(90   )   sin   
le
X j  Xi
m y  cos( y, Y )  cos  
le
le  ( X j  X i ) 2  (Y j  Yi ) 2 (Length of element)
8
Therefore,
K e  TT k e T
T
Fe  T f e
9
Element stiffnes matrix of 2D frame in global
coordinate system
10
FEM EQUATIONS FOR SPATIAL FRAMES
• Consider a spatial frame element v2

u2
 d1   u1   y2
d   v   v1
 2  1   2 x2
 d3   w1   Displacement
     components at y1 w2
 d 4   x1   node 1
 d5   y1   z2
    
 d 6   z1   1
de      
 d 7   u2   w1 y
 u1
 d8   v2 
     z1 x
 d9   w2   Displacement x1
d     components at
 10   x 2   node 2 z
 d11   y 2  
d    
 12   z 2   11
REMARKS
• In practical structures, it is very rare to have beam
structure subjected only to transversal loading.
• Most skeletal structures are either trusses or frames
that carry both axial and transversal loads.
• A beam element is actually a very special case of a
frame element.
• The frame element is often conveniently called the
beam element.
12
CASE STUDY
• Finite element analysis of bicycle frame
13
CASE STUDY
Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio,
E GPa 
69.0 0.33
74 elements (71 nodes)
Ensure connectivity
14
CASE STUDY
Horizontal load
Constraints in all directions
15
CASE STUDY
M = 20X
16
M = 20X
17
M = 20X
18
Stiffnes Matrix in Local Coordinates
M = 20X
19
M = 20X
20
Element Matrix for Element 1
M = 20X
21
Element Matrix for Element 2 & 3
M = 20X
22
Coordinate Transformation Matrix
M = 20X
23
M = 20X
24
Coordinate Transformation Matrix
M = 20X
25
Stiffness matrix in Global Coordinate
M = 20X
26
M = 20X
27
M = 20X
28
Solution
M = 20X
29

Frame Analysis Byfinite Element Method: Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek

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Frame Analysis Byfinite Element Method: Finite Element Method by G. R. Liu and S. S. Quek

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CHAPTER 6

FRAME ANALYSIS BYFINITE

• Combination of the element matrices of truss and

From the beam element,

• Consider a spatial frame element v2

• Finite element analysis of bicycle frame

74 elements (71 nodes)

Constraints in all directions

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