HISTORY AND TYPES OF

COUNSELLING

TANGRAM – TRACKING THE HUMAN MIND

 History of Counselling

• Shrimad Bhagwat Geeta

• Lord Krishna is considered as the first counsellor.
• Buddha talks about counselling.
• CBT is very similar to what is mentioned in the Geeta.
• Welhelm Wundt – first psychological laboratory in Leipzig,
Germany (1879).
• Word ‘psychotherapy’ first used in 1853 by Walter Cooper
Dendy.

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 Types of counseling formats

Individual
Face to Face /Group
Counseling

Telephone Online
Counseling Counseling

TANGRAM – TRACKING THE HUMAN MIND

 TYPES OF COUNSELLING
1.Non Directive Counselling
2.Directive Counselling / Client Centered Counselling
3.Short Term Counselling
4.Long Term Counselling
5.Psychological Counselling
6.Clinical Counselling
7.Student Counselling
8.Placement Counselling

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 APPROACHES:
1. Reconstructive
Psychotherapy directed toward basic and extensive modification of
an individual’s character structure by enhancing his or her insight
into personality development, unconscious conflicts, and adaptive
responses.

2. Re-educative
A form or stage of psychotherapy in which the patient is taught or,
better allowed to learn to himself more effective ways of dealing
with problems and relationships.
 
3. Supportive
A form of psychotherapy that relies on the therapeutic alliance to
alleviate symptoms, improve self-esteem, restore relation to reality,
regulate impulses and negative thinking, and reinforce the ability to
cope with life stressors and challenges.

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 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
APA code of ethics:
Professional ethics can be understood in terms of values that determine the counselor’s
behavior. We may consider 3 kinds of values:-
Social Values: - There are certain standards of behavior determined by society, for
instance, good manners. This value differs according to races, caste, etc. and even within
the same social group. These values change under the influence of modern ideas.

Moral Values: - they are based in general on the dictates of right reasons, and in concrete
cases on the dictates of one’s conscience. Moral principal become known to us through
innate, knowledge of what is right and wrong which god gives to every men through
reasons. Therefore these dictates of reasons applied to all man independently of their race
or religion.

Religious Values: - These are based on a particular faith and vary according to the tenets
of that faith.

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 GENERAL ETHICAL AND MORAL PRINCIPLES
• Autonomy – Clinicians help develop the skills and strengths they need to make wise choices for themselves.
Inherent in this guideline is the mandate that clinicians understand, respect, and appreciate diversity.

• No maleficence (Do not harm) and beneficence – Clinicians should always keep in mind the importance of
actively promoting the wellbeing other clients and acting in the best interests of their clients.

• Justice – fairness is an essential ingredient of the clinician’s professional relationship and interactions whether
they are with clients, colleagues, students or others.

• Fidelity – Clinicians “maintain their commitments to their professions and to their clients. They are reliable and
responsible, nurture and sustain trust in their relationships, value and protect the therapeutic alliance and are
truthful and congruent in their communications”

Teaching,
The counselling Professional training and
relationship responsibility supervision

Confidentiality Evaluation, Research and

assessment and publication
interpretation

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 Goals of
Counselling

Opportunity to Exploring
Facilitate Promoting
explore Improve Enhancing choices and
behavior growth and
difficult relationships coping skills making
change development
feelings decisions

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 Do’s
Don’ts
* Show interest
* Argue
* Express empathy
* Interrupt the other person
* Cultivate the ability to be silent
* Pass judgment
when required
* Jump to conclusions
* Encourage the speaker to develop
competence and motivation to solve * Help the speaker too directly or
her/his own problem assert a cause to a problem very
quickly

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TANGRAM – TRACKING THE HUMAN MIND
 THANK YOU

TANGRAM – TRACKING THE HUMAN MIND