INDUSTRIAL

INSTRUMENTATION
Lecturer: Nguyen Duc Hoang
Department of Control & Automation
Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
Email: ndhoang@hcmut.edu.vn
Chapter 9: Temperature measurement

• Introduction

• Thermistor

• RTD

• Thermocouple

• Semiconductor
Introduction
• Taking a temperature essentially requires the transmission of a
small portion of the object’s thermal energy to the sensor whose
function is to convert that energy into an electrical signal.
• Method of sensing:
• conductive,
• convective,
• radiative.

• When a contact temperature sensor responds to heat two basic

methods of the signal processing can be employed:
• Equilibrium
• Predictive
Introduction (cont.)
• Temperature Reference Points
For calibration of any temperature sensor, a precision reference is
required.
Example:
• Triplepoint of hydrogen : -259.34 0C
• Freezing point of water (water–ice mixture) : 0.00 0C
• Boiling point of water : 100.00 0C
• Freezing point of zinc : 419.58 0C
• Freezing point of aluminum : 660.46 0C
Introduction (cont.)

• There are many temperature sensors:

• Resistance Thermometers (Resistance Temperature Devices)
• Thermistors
• Thermocouple
• Semiconductor
• Radiation Thermometers
• Thermography
• Fiber-Optic
• Quartz
Thermistors
• Thermistor belongs to class of the absolute temperature sensors.
• All thermistors are divided into two groups: NTC and PTC.
• Only the NTC thermistors are useful for precision temperature measurements.
 NTC Thermistors
• Resistance decreases with the increase in temperature.
• The relationship between the resistance and temperature is highly nonlinear.

When a thermistor is used as a temperature sensor, we

assume that all its characteristics are based on the so-
called zero-power resistance, meaning that electric
current passing through a thermistor does not result in
any noticeable temperature increase (self-heating)
Thermistor: Simple Model

T : thermistor temperature (K)

RT : thermistor resistor () at T (K)

R0 : thermistor resistor () atT0 (K)

β : constant depends on thermistor material

(example : β25/85 = 3540K )

Thermistor: Fraden Model

T : thermistor temperature (K)

RT : thermistor resistor () at T (K)

R0 : thermistor resistor () at T0 (K)

β : constant depends on thermistor material

(example : β25/85 = 3540K )

Thermistor: Steinhart–Hart Model

T : thermistor temperature (K)

RT : thermistor resistor () at T (K)

A0 , A1, A3 : coefficients
Thermistor: comparing among models

Maximum error from 0˚C to 70˚C :

Simple : ±0.7 ˚C
Fraden : ±0.03 ˚C
Steinhart–Hart : ±0.003 ˚C
Thermistor: example

“AB” Thermistors for Healthcare

Thermistor: example

The 2322 640 90007 NTC thermistor (Philips) has and in still

water. We wish to use it in an application involving water from 00C

to 1000C. Calculate the maximal current allowable to keep the self-

heating error below 0.50C.

 Thermistor: example

K276 thermistor:
B25/100 = 3760K, R25 = 11981
Compute and plot VNTC at temperature
points 25, 50, 75, 100 0C ?
Thermistor: problem

HW: Read and Report

Thermistor signal conditioning: Dos and Don'ts, Tips and Tricks
(https://www.embeddedrelated.com/showarticle/91.php)
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)

• RTDs, like thermistors, employ a

change in electrical resistance to
measure temperature.
• All RTDs have positive temperature
coefficients (PTCs).
• Platinum is used almost, example:
Pt100
• Tungsten RTDs are usually applicable
for temperatures over 6000C
 RTD: Simple Model

t : RTD temperature (C)

Rt : thermistor resistor () at t

R0 : thermistor resistor () at t0

: constant

(example : 0C-1 , SAMA Standard RC21-4-1966 or

0
C-1 , Europe DIN standard or 0C-1 British Aircraft industry standard )
RTD: Callendar–van Dusen Model

For the range from -2000C to 00C :

For the range from 00C to 6610C :

Note: only for RTD Platinum

 RTD: example

A given 500 Ω nickel RTD (Minco Products) has at 00C.

It is used at temperatures around 1000C, so we use the model . Calculate

its sensitivity and temperature coefficient at 1000C, and determine the

resistance at 1000C and 1010C.

 RTD: example

Measure a temperature from 00C to 500C

as figure. Pt1000 has 1000Ω and  =
0.00375Ω/Ω/K at 250C. V0 has a 0 to 2V

range. Determine R1, R2, Rp and Vref in

order to limit the sensor current to 50A
and to achieve the desired output voltage.
BT7

K276 thermistor:
B25/100 = 3760K, R25 = 11981
a. Tính và vẽ VNTC tại các điểm nhiệt độ 25,
50, 75, 100 0C ?
b. Nếu VNTC = 5V. Tính nhiệt độ đo được
bằng phương pháp nội suy từ kết quả câu
a. So sánh với nhiệt độ chính xác.