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INSTRUMENTATION
Lecturer: Nguyen Duc Hoang
Department of Control & Automation
Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
Email: ndhoang@hcmut.edu.vn
Chapter 2: Instrument Types and Performance
Characteristics-Part 1
• Instrument Types
• Static Characteristics of Instruments
• Dynamic Characteristics of Instruments
• Calibration
Instrument Types
• Instruments
may be classified according to their application,
mode of operation, manner of energy conversion, nature of
output, …
• Deflection and Null Types
• Active and Passive Types
• Contacting and Non-contacting Types
• Analog and Digital Types
• Dumb and Intelligent Types
• Manually Operated and Automatic Types
Deflection and Null Types
• Deflection type instrument : physical effect generated by the measuring
quantity produces an equivalent opposing effect, closely related to some
variable like mechanical displacement or deflection in the instrument.
• Examples:
G1 G2
Active and Passive Types
• Passive (self-generating) instruments : instrument output is
produced entirely by the quantity being measured.
• Examples:
• Reproducibility describes the closeness of output readings for the same input
when there are changes in the method of measurement, observer, measuring
instrument, location, conditions of use, and time of measurement.
Accuracy versus Precision
Accuracy versus Precision
• Span of an instrument defines the algebraic difference between the upper and lower
range values of instruments.
• Example:
• Range : -1000C to 5000C; Span : 5000C – -1000C = 6000C
• Range : 2kN/m2 to 50kN/m2 ; Span : 50-2=48kN/m2
• Range : 0m to 10m; Span: 10 – 0 = 10m
Linearity
• Linearity (Nonlinearity) is defined as the maximum deviation of the output of the
instrument from calibrated (idealized) straight line.
Linearity
Sensitivity
• Static sensitivity (scale factor or gain) : the ratio of the magnitude of response
(output signal) to the magnitude of the quantity being measured (input signal).
q0 and qi are the values of the output and input signals respectively.
Determine the zero drift when it is used in the 500C environment, assuming that the
measurement values when it was used in the 200C environment are correct. Also
calculate the zero drift coefficient.
Sensitivity to Disturbance (Drift)
• Example 2: A spring balance is calibrated in an environment at a temperature of 20 0C
and has the following deflection/load characteristic:
Load (kg) 0 1 2 3
Deflection (mm) 0 20 40 60
Load (kg) 0 1 2 3
Deflection (mm) 5 27 49 71
• Determine the zero drift and sensitivity drift per 0C change in ambient temperature.
Hysteresis
Example: specifications of pressure gage
Parameters Value Unit
Maximum bridge excitation 20 Vdc
Recommended bridge excitation 12 Vdc
Pressure range 200 kPa
Bridge output 0.1 mV/V/kPa
Accuracy ±0.5% of FS
Repeatability ±0.2% of FS
Linearity and hysteresis ±0.4% of FS
Thermal zero shift < 0.02% FS/0C
Thermal sensitivity shift < 0.02% /0C
Bridge resistance 350 Ω
Minimum required impedance of output for 2kΩ kΩ
indicating/recording unit to be used
Overload capacity 250% of FS
Problems
• Indicate if the following statements are true or false. If false, then write the correct
statement.
a) Correctness or exactness in measurements is associated with the accuracy and not
with the precision.
b) Reproducibility and consistency are expressions that best describe precision in
measurements.
c) It is not possible to have precise measurements which are not accurate.
d) Instrument bias refers to the random errors in the instrument.
e) An instrument with 1% accuracy is considered better than another with 5%
accuracy.
f) It is worthwhile to improve the accuracy of the instrument beyond its precision.
g) Any measurement is expressed by a numerical value alone.
h) To prevent loading of the circuit under test, the input impedance of the voltmeter
must be very low.
A temperature sensor has a range of 20 – 2500C . A measurement results in a value of 550C for
the temperature. Specify the error if the accuracy is (a) ±0.5% of FS, (b) ±0.75% of span, and
1. Cho cảm biến Pt100 có điện trở tại 00C bằng 100.00Ω, 1000C bằng 138.50Ω
và 2000C bằng 175.83.Ω. Giả sử mối quan hệ giữa điện trở và nhiệt độ toàn
thang đo là tuyến tính. Tính sai số phi tuyến tại 1000C?
2. Một cảm biến nhiệt độ có độ nhạy 5mV/0C với độ chính xác bằng ±1%. Giả
sử cảm biến này đọc được kết quả 27.5 mV. Tìm tầm nhiệt độ có thể cung
cấp kết quả này?