INDUSTRIAL

INSTRUMENTATION
Lecturer: Nguyen Duc Hoang
Department of Control & Automation
Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
Email: ndhoang@hcmut.edu.vn
Chapter 5: Methods to measure
fundamental quantities (Cont.)
• Measurement of resistance
• Measurement of capacitance
• Measurement of inductance
• Measurement of frequency
Measurement of capacitance and inductance
• Capacitive sensors :
• Variable Capacitor
• Differential Capacitor
• Inductive sensors :
• Variable Reluctance Sensors
• Eddy Current Sensors
• Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDTs)
• Variable Transformers: Synchros, Resolvers, and Inductosyn
Measurement of capacitance and inductance

• Inorder to obtain a useful signal from the variation of a capacitance

or an inductance, we need at least an ac excitation voltage or current
for the sensor and some method for detecting the variations due to
the measurand.

• When the measurement system requires all the signals to be

converted to dc voltages, some available options : peak detection,
rms measurement, and, most commonly, mean value calculation
after rectification.
Measurement of capacitance and inductance
• Voltage divider

𝑍 = 𝑍 0 ( 1+ 𝑥 )

𝑍 =𝑍 0

1+ 𝑥
𝑣 0=𝑣 𝑒
2+ 𝑥

Nonlinear !
Measurement of capacitance and inductance
• Voltage divider

1+𝑥
𝑣 0=𝑣 𝑒
2
Measurement of capacitance and inductance
• AC bridges

𝑍 1 = 𝑍 0 ( 1+𝑥 )

𝑍 1 =𝑍 2 = 𝑍 3 =𝑍 4= 𝑍 0

𝑥
𝑣 0= 𝑣 𝑒
2 ( 2+𝑥 )

Nonlinear !
Measurement of capacitance and inductance
• AC bridges
Carrier amplifiers
A carrier amplifier is a circuit that performs the functions of ac
amplification, demodulation, and low-pass filtering, including the
necessary oscillator, as shown
Carrier amplifiers
Example: the output of a voltage divider incorporating a differential sensor
1+𝑥
𝑣 0=𝑣 𝑒
2

If the driving voltage is sinusoidal : 𝑣 𝑒 (𝑡 )=𝑉 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑒 𝑡 )

Assume : 𝑥 ( 𝑡 ) = 𝑋𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝜙 𝑥 )

We have :
Carrier amplifiers
Example (cont.) : Output signal and its spectrum
Carrier amplifiers
• Phase-Sensitive Detectors
Measurement of frequency
• Frequency Measurement

𝑁 = 𝑓 𝑥 ∗𝑇 0

Basic block diagram of a frequency meter

Measurement of frequency
• Note: Because the input signal and the internal clock are asynchronous,
we may stop counting just before the next input transition arrived or
just after it arrived. This implies an uncertainty of 1 count.
Actual result : N ± 1 counts.

• Example: measuring 10 kHz signal with uncertainty below 0.1%

requires N = 1000 and, the measurement time will be 100ms.
Measurement of period
• Period and Time-Interval Measurement

𝑁=𝑓 𝑐 𝑀𝑇𝑥

Basic block diagram of a period meter

Measurement of phase shift
• Phase detectors based on zero-crossing detectors

Using a flip-flop
Measurement of phase shift
• Phase detectors based on zero-crossing detectors

Using an EXCLUSIVE-OR gate

Measurement of phase shift
• Example : We measure the phase shift between two 10 kHz sine
waves by counting the time between zero crossings .

a. If the maximal phase shift to measure is 90 0, determine the clock

frequency needed to obtain a 0.10 resolution.
b. If the clock available is 10 MHz, determine the resolution we can
achieve when measuring a phase shift of 45 0 and calculate the time it
takes to measure it.
Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers

• Differential amplifiers

𝑅2 𝑅4
𝑘= =
𝑅1 𝑅3

𝑉 0=𝑘 ( 𝑉 2 −𝑉 1 )
Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers

• Instrumentation Amplifier (IA) Based on Two Op Amps

𝑅2 𝑅4
𝑘= =
𝑅1 𝑅3

(
𝑉 0= 1+𝑘+
𝑅2 + 𝑅 4
𝑅𝑔
()𝑉 2 −𝑉 1 ) +𝑉 𝑟𝑒𝑓
 Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers
• Instrumentation Amplifier (IA) Based on Three Op Amps
BT6

Xác định Vout theo Vref, V1 và V2?