ELECTRICAL MACHINES I

LESSON 2
LESSON 1 REVIEW
 What is a transformer?

 What are its uses?

 How does it operate?

 How to derive equations for the ideal

transformer
LESSON 2 OVERVIEW
 How to include winding resistances and
leakage flux and magnetising branch in
transformer equivalent circuit

 How to perform efficiency calculations with

these parameters
NON IDEAL TRANSFORMER
 Winding Resistances

 Each winding has a resistance which we

designate as R1 for primary and R2 for
secondary
LEAKAGE FLUXES
 Not all flux flows through transformer core

 Flux from both primary and secondary

windings flow through air and do not link
with each other

 Known as leakage flux

LEAKAGE FLUXES

FLUXES NOT LINKING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY WINDINGS

TRANSFORMER WITH WINDING RESISTANCES
AND LEAKAGE FLUXES
TRANSFORMER EQUATIONS
E1 I 2 N1
  a
E2 I1 N 2

V1  E1  ( R1  jX 1 ) I1

V2  E2  ( R2  jX 2 ) I 2

V1  E1;V2  E2
Example 4.3
 A 23 kVA, 2300/230 V, 60 Hz, step-down
transformer has the following resistance and
leakage reactances:
 R =4Ω, R =0.04Ω, X = 12Ω, X =0.12Ω
1 2 1 2
 The transformer is operating at 75% of rated
load. If the power factor is 0.866 leading,
determine the efficiency of the transformer
4Ω j12Ω j0.12Ω 0.04Ω
230 V
Example 4.3
 Step 1: Determine secondary current

 Since transformer is operating at 75% load

 Current =kVA * % loading/voltage
23000
I2  X 0 . 75  75 A
230

 Assuming the load voltage as reference, the

load current at 0.866 power factor
I2  753O0 A
Example 4.3 contd
 Secondary winding impedance

Z2  R2  jX 2  (0.04  j 0.12)

E2  V2  I 2Z2  230  (75300 )(0.04  j 0.12)

 228.2872.330V
Example 4.3 contd
 Transformation ratio is

2300
a  10
230

E1  aE2  2282.87  2.330 V

I2
I1   7.530 0 A
a
Example 4.3 contd

Z1  R1  jX 1 4  j12

V1  E1  I1 Z1  2282.872.330  (7.5300 )(4  j12)

 2269.5784.7 0V
Example 4.3 contd

*
Po  Re[V2 I 2 ]  Re[ 230 X 75  300 ]  14,938.94W

*
Pin  Re[V1 I1 ]  Re[ 2269.5784.7 0 (7.5  300 )

 15,389.14W
Example 4.3 contd

Po 14,938.94
   0.971  97.1%
Pin 15,389.14
Finite Permeability
 Transformer core has finite permeability and
core loss

 Even with secondary open circuited primary

draws current

 Current known as excitation current has two

parts
◦ Core loss current
◦ Magnetising current
Including Magnetising Branch
Equations for Magnetising Branch

I   I c I m

E1
Ic 
Rc1

E1
Im 
jX m1
EXACT EQUIVALENT TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

IP is current flowing in primary winding

I1 is current flowing from source

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT EQUATIONS

E 2  V2  I 2 ( R2  jX 2 0

E1  aE 2

E1 E1
Ic  ; I m1  ; I  I c  I m
Rc1 jX M
EQUATIONS (contd)

I1  I p  I 

V1  E1  I1 ( R1  jX 1 )
LESSON 2 REVIEW