Welcome to Science Class!

Opening Prayer
Our Lord God in heaven. Thank you for the new day you've bestowed
upon us. Until this moment, we still have our borrowed life and strength

!
from you. We worship and praise Your Holy Name.

This moment, we will continue to study and acquire new knowledge. May
you bless your students with witty brain to think fast and an inquiring mind
to be curious on whatever knowledge they will learn today. Most
importantly bless them with Your wisdom and a heart that will follow your
commandments in order for them to become worthy in their studies.

We hope that you heard our prayer.

We ask all of these. In the name of Jesus Christ, our Saviour.
Amen.
Good Afternoon
Grade 10
 Objective for the Week
• Explain the role of hormones involved in
the female and male reproductive systems.
•Describe the feedback mechanisms
involved in regulating processes in the
female reproductive system (e.g.,
menstrual cycle).
Review
Reproductive System
 • Reproduction is a biological
process in which new
individuals are produced in
order to perpetuate the species.
• Humans and other sexually
reproducing organisms form egg
cells and sperm cells that
transfer the genetic material
from one generation to the next.
• Since the resulting embryo
develops inside the body of the
female, the structure of the
reproductive system is designed
for fertilization and fetal
development.
Reproduction is the key to the
continuation of life and the major
driving force in the lives of most
organisms.

Two basic methods of reproduction

a. Asexual
- reproducing with one parent organism
– no mixing of genetic materials
- Advantages:
1. quick and easy
2. no need to find or convince a partner
Disadvantage
1.no genetic variability
b. Sexual
- the union of haploid gametes to
form a diploid zygote
Advantage
1. genetic variability which
allows adaptation and
evolution
Disadvantages
2. wastes energy in the
production of lots of
pollen/sperm/eggs
3. takes time and energy to find a
mate
4. vulnerability during mating
 What is the
reproductive system?
The reproductive systems in both the
male and female consist of primary
and secondary sex organs and sex
glands.

The primary function of the

reproductive systems is to perpetuate
the species through sexual or cell
fertilization and reproduction.
The Male
Reproductive
System
 The male
reproductive
system performs secretion of the male sex
the following
functions: hormones

production of sperm cells

release of sperm cells.

 THE DIFFERENT
STRUCTURES OF THE
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM.

• The male gonad are the testes,

which hang in the sac known as
scrotum.
• In mammals, sperm production
requires a slightly lower TESTES
temperature than that needed by
the human body; that is why the
scrotum hangs loosely outside the SCROTUM
body cavity.
 • The oval-shaped testes are
TESTES
located in the scrotum, and are
each divided into 250 lobules.
• Coiled within the lobule are S
O U
seminiferous tubes where the I F ER
I N E
sperm are formed. S TUBUL
EM

EPIDIDYMIS
• The mature sperm are stored in LOBULE
the epididymis, a tube 13-20
feet in length, coiled and lying
on the side of each testicle.
 SCROTUM
• The scrotum is a pouch of skin
suspended from the perineal
area and divided into two sacs
each containing one testicle and
epididymis.

The scrotal tissue contracts in the

absence of sufficient heat, pulling
the testes up closer to the body
where the temperature maintains
the viability of sperm.
 THE DIFFERENT STRUCTURES OF THE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

Ideally, during the seventh or eighth

month of fetal development, the testes
of the fetus descend into the scrotum.
However, failure of the testes to
descend leads to sterility because of
the inhibiting effect of normal body
temperature on sperm development.
THE DIFFERENT STRUCTURES OF THE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

• The testes have compartments

that contain tightly coiled
tubes called seminiferous
tubules Their combined length
may reach up to 250 meters.
SEMINIFEROUS
• Sperm cells develop from the
TUBULE cells that line the seminiferous
tubules.
 THE DIFFERENT STRUCTURES OF THE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

• The premature sperm

cells are then transported
to the epididymis to
EPIDIDYMIS
develop.
THE DIFFERENT STRUCTURES OF THE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

Vas deferens

urethra

• When a male is actually aroused, sperm

cells begin their journey through the vas
deferens and then exits through the urethra.
The sperm cells collect fluid along the way
.
THE DIFFERENT STRUCTURES OF THE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

Vas deferens

urethra

• The vas deferens are muscular tubes

transporting sperm from the epididymis
to the seminal vesicles
 Three glands contribute fluid to the
traveling sperm cells:

1. the seminal vesicle secrete

a thick fluid that contains
nutrients.
• Seminal Vesicles is a two
tube-like glands located
between the bladder and the
rectum behind the prostate
 Seminal Vesicles contribute between
50-80 percent of the components found
in semen.
• It produces alkaline fluid that
protects sperm in the vagina
• Produces fructose for energy for
sperm
 Three glands contribute fluid to the
traveling sperm cells:

1. The seminal vesicles produce

a slightly alkaline fluid that
mixes with the sperm and
becomes part of the semen
ejaculated during the male
orgasm. It protects the sperm
from the acidity of the urethra.
 Three glands contribute fluid to the
traveling sperm cells:

•2. the prostate gland secretes a thick,

milky alkaline fluid to counteract the
acidic environment of the vagina and
urethra and activate the sperm cells; and
The prostate gland also secretes an
alkaline fluid that mixes with the sperm
as part of the semen. Enlargement of the
prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia,
obstructs the flow of urine through the
urethra.
 Three glands contribute fluid to the
traveling sperm cells:

•3. the bulbourethral gland, or

Couper's and produces the
lubricating effect.
•The Cowper’s or bulbourethral
glands produce another mucus-
alkaline secretion in the urethra,
excreted from the glands just
before ejaculation.
 THE DIFFERENT STRUCTURES OF THE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

• Altogether, the sperm cells and the

fluid make up the semen.
• During a male's arousal, spongy
erectile tissues in the penis are filled
with blood, causing the penis to
become hard, erect, and enlarged.
• When sexual arousal reaches its peak,
the semen is expelled during
ejaculation as it passes through the
urethral opening.
 THE DIFFERENT STRUCTURES OF THE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

• The urethra is a common

passageway of urine and
semen, However, nervous
control prevents urine from
mixing with the semen during
ejaculation.
urethra
 THE DIFFERENT STRUCTURES OF THE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

• The penis is the external sex

organ that allows the transfer of
the semen into the vagina of the
female.
A lubricant, smegma, is produced under
the prepuce on the penis. This foreskin
may be circumcised/ removed for hygiene
or religious reasons. It covers the
glans/head that is filled with nerve
endings.
Uncircumcised Circumcised
Male Reproductive System
 Male Reproductive System

External Structures
• Penis: external male sex
organ
- Circumcised: removes some
or all of foreskin
- Uncircumcised: foreskin not
removed
• Scrotum: sac of skin and
muscle containing testicles
 Male Reproductive System

Internal Structures
• Prostate: exocrine gland of male
reproductive system
• Vas Deferens: tubes connecting
epididymis to ejaculatory ducts
• Epididymis: organ where sperm matures
• Testicles: organ where sperm is created
• Urethra: tube that connects bladder to
outside of body
• Cowper’s Gland: secretes lubricating fluid
• Seminal Vesicle: make semen (seminal
fluid)
 Testosterone: The Male Sex Hormone

• Testosterone is the main male sex

hormone secreted by the testes. It
is responsible for the normal
development of the organs of the
male reproductive system.
• It is also necessary for the
maturation of the sperm cells with
the aid of another hormone, the
follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH).
 Testosterone: The Male Sex Hormone

• Testosterone brings about the

changes experienced by males
during puberty.
• These changes, called
secondary sex characteristic,
appear at around 10 to 14 years
of age and distinguish a male
from a female.
 Testosterone: The Male Sex Hormone
• Secondary sex characteristics
in males include hair growth
in the face, underarm, chest,
genital area, and other parts
of the body; enlargement of
the voice box, deepening of
the voice, development of
the male musculature; and
increased secretion of sweat
and oil
 Testosterone: The Male Sex Hormone

• Testosterone is responsible for males'

muscular strength. This is why some
athletes take steroids that contain
testosterone or other similar
compounds.
• However, taking steroids have been
proven to produce harmful effects
including mental problems.
THE SPERM
 The Sperm
• When you look at the picture of the
human sperm, what do you imagine?
 The Sperm

• Most people describe the

sperm as tadpole-like.
• A mature sperm has three
main parts: the tail, the middle
piece or neck, and the head.
1. The tail propels the sperm as it
swims in the fluid.
 The Sperm

• The middle piece

contains the
mitochondria, which
provide the sperm with
energy during its journey
to the female body.
 The Sperm

• The head of the sperm contains

enzymes that break the acid of
the egg's membrane.
• It also houses the genetic
material, which will eventually
unite with the egg's nucleus
during fertilization.
SPERM
• The acrosome covering
the head of the sperm
contains enzymes that
help it penetrate the ova.
• The head carries the
genetic material. The
midpiece supplies energy.
The tail or flagellum
provides motility.
 The Sperm Challenge

• The Sperm Challenge When a man

ejaculates, about 200 to 500 million
sperm cells are in the semen.
• Only less than one percent of these
reach the egg for the following reasons:
• a. Millions already die in the vagina
due to its acidic environment.
• b. Some sperm cells lose energy along
the journey.
 The Sperm Challenge

• C. Some sperm cells go

to the oviduct or
fallopian tube, which
does not contain the egg
 The Sperm Challenge
• d. Some sperm cells are
blocked by the mucus
covering the cervix.
The Sperm Challenge
 The Sperm Challenge

• E. Abnormal sperms
resulting from its mass
production are unable to
fertilize an egg.
 Closing Prayer
We thank you Lord, for allowing us to end this class successfully.
We thank you for letting us share and interact meaningfully with each other online.

!
We may not be together physically but through your blessing, we were able to
learn and advance our knowledge and skills.
Grant that we continue to pursue our education despite the problems that come
our way.
May you allow us to gain more information that we could use to serve other
people.
May you send the Holy Spirit to guide us in sharing this information to the world.
We pray for the safety of the teachers, students, families, and all people in the
world.
We ask all these, in your powerful name.
Amen
Thank You!