THE END OF HISTORY AND

THE LAST MAN

- BY FRANCIS FUKUYAMA
PRESENTED BY- CHARVI KWATRA
UID- UGJ21-06
PRESENTED TO- DR. MADHUKAR SHARMA
(PROFF. OF POLITICAL THOUGHT)
 INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOK

 The End of History and the Last Man is a nonfiction book written by Francis Fukuyama, an
American political scientist, and first published in 1992.
 It's an expansion of Fukuyama's 1989 essay "The End of History?"

 Talks about liberal democracy

 Criticism of other ideologies
 What “end” signifies in his work
 Problems persisting in Liberal democracy
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

 Francis Fukuyama was born on October 27, 1952, in Chicago.

 Enrolled at Harvard University to pursue a PhD in Political Science
 Published one of his finest book, The End of History and the Last Man, in 1992.

 He has been a senior researcher at Stanford University's Freeman Spogli Institute for International
Studies since July 2010.
 Fukuyama's concept that the conclusion of the Cold War signalled the "end of history" has always
been divisive.
PART WISE ANALYSIS OF HIS BOOK:
PART 1: AN OLD QUESTION ASKED ANEW

 Talks about the then-recent events that prompted his thesis.

 He gives renewed optimism to everybody, in the time of pessimistic thoughts.
 Talks how regimes followed then couldn’t manage the crises.
 Inability of other regimes to the same
PART 2 : THE OLD AGE OF MANKIND

 Disagrees with Marx and believes Hegel's idea of history heading toward liberal
democracy was more accurate.
 Two mechanisms he believes underpin the liberal revolution.
 Talks about both economic and technological mechanisms
 Planned economies cannot compete with market economies because planners cannot
allocate resources as efficiently as markets can.
PART 3: THE STRUGGLE FOR RECOGNITION

 Talks about why globe have revolted to overthrow tyrannical regimes and institute liberal
democracies.
 Gives insight on "first man" at the earliest stage of history, fighting for prestige
 Humans as always across all class and national divides engaged in a struggle for personal
recognition.
 Points out this was not an idea original to Hegel
 Talks about Plato’s “thymos” and Christianity’s contribution.
PART 4: LEAPING OVER RHODES

 Phrase refers to one of the fables of Greek storyteller

 Attacks the foreign policy "realism" of the Cold War as treating contemporary facts
about nations and the balance of power as set facts that have to be accommodated.
 “facts" were contingent on a set of historical circumstances, now changed.
 "post-historical" world where cultures are drawn together through ties of international
trade and cooperation.
PART 5: THE LAST MAN

 Considering the challenges and problems that face the "last man" at the end of History.
 Incomplete application of liberal democracy.
 Persistence of megalothymia
 Too much emphasis on the rights of citizens and not enough on citizens' duties to their
communities and society.
MAIN IDEAS:

 HISTORY MOVES TOWARDS PROGRESS AND HAS A SHAPE

 CAPITALIST ECONOMY IS INEVITABLE
 LIBERAL DEMOCRACY IS THE BEST FORM OF GOVERNMENT
CONCLUSION:

 IMPORTANT TO KNOW THINKING AND AIM OF POLITICAL THINKERS

 IDEOLOGIES CAN HELP US GROW
 GIVES HISTORY OF POLITICAL REGIMES PRESENT