UNIT II

TYPES AND INSTALLATION

OF WIRING SYSTEM
 Types of wire

According to insulation
Vulcanised Indian rubber[VIR]

Cable tyre sheathed[CTS]

Tough rubber sheathed [TRS] cables/wire

Poly- vinyl chloride [PVC] cables /wire

 Lead – Sheathed cables [f] weather proof cables

According to number of cores

 Single core cable

 Double core [or] Twin core cable

Three core cable

 Four core cable etc

 According to conductor material used

 Copper conductor cable

 Aluminium conductor cable

According to voltage grading
[a] Low tension/ low voltage cable[below 100v]
[b] High tension/ high voltage cable [up to 11KV]
[c] super tension cables[up to 33KV]
Wire used for winding of machines

Single cotton covered [SCC]

Double cotton covered [DCC]

Enamel coated wires

Factors influencing the choice of wiring system
The electrical installation to be carried out shall be according to

the drawing ,Specification ,bills of quantities etc issued and

instructions given by the architect’s electrical consultant clients
 All work shall be carried out in a neat and work man like manner

The drawing are prepared with details for execution of work and

the successful contractor shall supply install and test the

installation as per the layouts given
Test the installation as per the layout given and the relevant code of practice

All installation shall comply with the provisions of the Indian Electricity

rules 1956

The successful tender shall be responsible for obtaining the approval of the

inspecting authorities standards

Switch boards ,switch ,socket outlets, lighting fitting, cables and all other

accessories shall conform to the relevant Indian standards specification and

the code of practice, applicable to the type of equipment supplied and the
work carried out
 Supply of material
Main switches

Distribution boards

Wiring cables

Conduits and accessories

Earthling materials

Installation
 Point wiring
The point wiring shall start from distribution /sub

distribution board to the point through switches

All power plug points 15A and 20A sockets out lets shall

have to be wired directly from the distribution / sub

distribution boards
Junction boxes/ pull boxed
 Choice of wiring system:

Type of building voltage, Nature of work in building weather

condition durability ,safety, flexibility ,switch gear, availability of

material beauty of building different factors must be kept in mind
The factors to be considered are Safety, capacity, nature of work

in building, voltage, accessibility, flexibility, future

requirements ,easy maintenance, economical, wiring cost,
estimation, weather condition, building construction ,heat ,rain
and switch gear
 Safety
 It is one of the most important factors to be considered

sometimes poor work man ship may lead to dangerous results

The first and foremost consideration is safety to the person

using electricity against leakage [or] shock for instance in

factory where lot of fumes are produced ,cleat or casing
capping wiring cannot be used where there is possibility of
fire hazard conduit wiring must be used
 Durability
The type of wiring to be selected must be unable and it

must be of proper specification and also assessed life

and type of building
For example cleat wiring suitable for a permanent

building, the wiring should be able to with stand wear and

team due to weather and it must be capable of carrying
the maximum current without over heating
 Appearance
 The wiring must provide a good look after its installation

in cases chat or casing capping wiring is used in a modern

beautiful house it will spoil the out look of the building
conduit wiring system provide beautiful and good
appearance but in costly .
PVC wiring system also provides good appearance and is

very popular now a days

Mechanical protection & Permanency
The wiring must be protected from mechanical damage

during its use

The wiring must not deteriorate unduly by action of

weather , fumes, dampness etc

 
Accessibility &Intial cost
In a selected wiring system there should be facilities for

extension renewal or alteration

The initial cost of the wiring system to be selected is one

of the main points to be considered The wiring system

selected should be safe as well as economical
 Maintenance cost

The wiring system should have as far as possible low

maintenance cost
 The other factors in addition to above to be kept in view

while making the choice of wiring system are load ,

voltage to be employed type of building etc
 Fire hazards and insurance standards must be kept in

mind in case of large factories etc

 Indian Electricity Rules 1956

The Indian electricity rules 1956 have been framed by

institution of electrical engineers to
 Ensure safety and satisfactory operation of
equipment
Avoid fire risk

Safe guard the consumers of electrical energy from

electric shock
Conduit wiring system
 In this system of wiring steel tubes known are conduits as installed on the surface of walls by means of saddles or pipe hooks (or) barried

under plaster and VIR (or) PVC cables are drawn after wards by means of a GI wire opf size of about 18 SWG in damp situation the

conditics can be spaced from the walls by means of small wander blocks fixed below the pipe at regular intervals the conduits should be

electrically and mechanically continuous and connected to earth at some suitable points

 The conduit used for this purpose of two types (i) light gauge (ii) heavy gauge (screwed type) conduit light gauge is not permitted the In

this system of wiring steel tubes known are conduits as installed on the surface of walls by means of saddles or pipe hooks (or) barried

under plaster and VIR (or) PVC cables are drawn after wards by means of a GI wire opf size of about 18 SWG in damp situation the

conditics can be spaced from the walls by means of small wander blocks fixed below the pipe at regular intervals the conduits should be

electrically and mechanically continuous and connected to earth at some suitable points
Countinue…
 The conduit used for this purpose of two types (i) light gauge (ii) heavy gauge (screwed type) conduit light gauge is not permitted the In this

system of wiring steel tubes known are conduits as installed on the surface of walls by means of saddles or pipe hooks (or) barried under plaster

and VIR (or) PVC cables are drawn after wards by means of a GI wire opf size of about 18 SWG in damp situation the conditics can be spaced

from the walls by means of small wander blocks fixed below the pipe at regular intervals the conduits should be electrically and mechanically

continuous and connected to earth at some suitable points. the conduit used for this purpose of two types (i) light gauge (ii) heavy gauge

(screwed type) conduit light gauge is not permitted

 medium voltage ( voltage higher than 250v ) screwed conduit is used for all medium voltage (250 to 600v) circuits and in places where good

mechanical protection and absolute protection from moisture in general the finish of being a smooth coat of enamel both on the inside and

outside surface of the tube galvanidhed conduit is also employed conduit size is started in termes of its outer diameter the smallest size is 12mm

and the next size 19mm, 31mm and 50mm . the largest standard size is 63mm . PVC conduit pipes are also available now and or increasingly

being employed in place of steel conduits PVC conduits are cheaper in cost and the labour time saved maybe as much as25% compare tothe time

taken in installing steel conduit such conduit are resistant to acid , alkasis , oil moisture the main draw back of PVC conduit is its movement due

to variation in temperature so PVC is not suitable for using in location to fire lazard

 Internal wiring

 1, looping system

 2,tree system
Advantages of conduit wiring system
It provides protection against mechanical damage

The whole system is water proof

It provides complete protection against fire due to short

circuit etc
Replacement and attention of defective wiring is easy

Its life is long if the work is properly executed

It is shock proof also if earthing and loading is properly done

Disadvantages of conduit wiring system
It is very costly system of wiring

Its execution is not easy and requires time

Experienced and highly skilled labour is required for

carrying out the job

The system outlets are properly drained and ventilated
 IE Rules 1956
Rule 50

The energy shall not be supplied, transformed, converted or used or continued to be supplied, transformed, converted

or used unless provisions as set out below are observed

I. The following controls of requisite capacity to carry and break the current after the point of commencement of

supply

 a linked switch with fuse(s) or a circuit breaker by low and medium voltage consumers.

 a linked switch with fuse(s) or a circuit breaker by HV consumers having aggregate installed

transformer/apparatus capacity up to 1000 KVA to be supplied at voltage upto 11KV and 2500 KVA at higher

voltages(above 11 KV and not exceeding 33KV).

 a circuit breaker by HV consumers having an aggregate installed transformer/apparatus capacity above 1000 KVA

and supplied at 11 KV and above 2500 KVA supplied at higher voltages (above 11 KV and not exceeding 33KV)

 a circuit breaker by EHV consumer:

II. In case of every transformer the following shall be provided
On primary side for transformers a linked switch with fuse(s) or circuit breaker of adequate capacity.

Provided that the linked switch on the primary side of the transformer may be of such capacity as to

carry the full load current and to break only the magnetising current of the transformer.

(A) having a capacity 5000 KVA and above and installed before the commencement of the Indian

Electricity (Amendment – 1) Rules, 2000 and

(B) having a capacity of 1000 KVA and above and installed before the commencement of the Indian

Electricity (Amendment – 1) Rules, 2000; a circuit breaker shall be provided.] Provided further that the

provision of linked switch on the primary side of the transformer shall not apply to the unit auxiliary

transformer of the generator

Rule 56. Sealing of meters and cut-outs

A supplier may affix one or more seals to any cut-out and to any meter,

maximum demand indicator, or other apparatus placed upon a consumer’ s

premises in accordance with section 26, and no person other than the supplier
shall break any such seal.

The consumer shall use all reasonable means in his power to ensure that no such

seal is broken otherwise than by the supplier.

The word ‘supplier’ shall for the purpose of this rule include a State Government

when any meter, maximum demand indicator or other apparatus is placed upon a
consumer’ s premises by such Government.
57.Meters, maximum demand indicators
and other apparatus on consumer’s
premises

(1)Any meter or maximum demand indicator or other apparatus placed upon a consumer’ s premises in

accordance with section 26 shall be of appropriate capacity and shall be deemed to be correct if its limits of

error are within the limits specified in the relevant Indian Standard Specification and where no such

specification exist, the limits of error do not exceed 3 per cent above or below absolute accuracy at all loads in

excess of one tenth of full load and up to full load.


(2)No meter shall register at no load.


(3) Every supplier shall provide and maintain in proper condition such suitable apparatus as may be

prescribed or approved by the Inspector for the examination, testing and regulation of meters used or intended

to be used in connection with the supply of energy. Provided that the supplier may with the approval of the

Inspector and shall, if required by the Inspector, enter into a joint arrangement with any other supplier for the

purpose aforesaid.
(4)Every supplier shall examine, test and regulate all meters, maximum demand

indicators and other apparatus for ascertaining the amount of energy supplied before

their first installation at the consumer’ s premises and at such other intervals as may be

directed by the State Government in this behalf.

(5) Every supplier shall maintain a register of meters showing the date of the last test,

the error recorded at the time of the test, the limit of accuracy after adjustment and

final test, the date of installation, withdrawal, reinstallation, etc., for the examination

of the Inspector or his authorised representative.

Rule 58.Point of commencement of supply

The point of commencement of supply of energy to a

consumer shall be deemed to be the point at the incoming

terminal of the cut-outs installed by the consumer under
rule 50
Rule 60. Test for resistance of insulation
 Where any electric supply line for use or low at medium voltage has been

disconnected from a system for the purpose of addition, alteration or repair,

such electric supply line shall not be reconnected to the system until the
supplier or the owner has applied the test prescribed under rule 48.
 The provision of sub-rule (1) shall not apply to overhead lines except,

overhead insulated cables unless the Inspector otherwise directs in any

particular case.
Rule 61. Connection with earth
 (1) The following provisions shall apply to the connection with earth of systems at low voltage

in cases where the voltage normally exceeds 125 volts and of systems at medium voltage
 2(a) Neutral conductor of a 3 phase, 4 wire system and the middle conductor of a 2 phase, 3-

wire system shall be earthed by not less than two separate and distinct connections with a
minimum of two different earth electrodes or such large number as may be necessary to bring
the earth resistance to a satisfactory value both at the generating station and at the sub-station.
The earth electrodes so provided, may be inter-connected to reduce earth resistance. It may also
be earthed at one or more points along the distribution system or service line in addition to any
connection with earth which may be at the consumer’ s premises.
 (b) In the case of a system comprising electric supply lines having concentric cables, the

external conductor of such cables shall be earthed by two separate and distinct connections
with earth.
 (c) The connection with earth may include a link by means of which the connection may be

temporarily interrupted for the purpose of testing or for locating a fault.

 (d) (i) In a direct current three wire system the middle conductor shall be earthed at the

generating station only, and the current from the middle conductor to earth shall be
continuously recorded by means of a recording ammeter, and if any time the current exceeds
one-thousandth part of the maximum supply current immediate steps shall be taken to improve
the insulation of the system.
(ii) Where the middle conductor is earthed by means of a circuit-breaker with a resistance
connected in parallel, the resistance shall not exceed 10 Ohms and on the opening of the
circuit-breaker, immediate steps shall be taken to improve the insulation of the system, and the
circuit-breaker shall be reclosed as soon as possible.
(iii) The resistance shall be used only as a protection for the ammeter in case of earths on the
system and until such earths are removed. Immediate steps shall be taken to locate and remove
the earth.
 (e) In the case of an alternating current system, there shall not be inserted in the connection

with earth any impedance (other than that required solely for the operation of switch-gear or
instruments), cut-out or circuit-breaker, and the result of any test made to ascertain whether the
current (if any) passing through the connection with earth is normal, shall be duly recorded by
the supplier.
 (f) No person shall make connection with earth by the aid of, nor shall he keep it in contact

with, any water main not belonging to him except with the consent of the owner thereof and of
the Inspector.
 (g) Alternating current systems which are connected with earth as aforesaid may be electrically

interconnected: Provided that each connection with earth is bonded to the metal sheathing and
metallic armouring (if any) of the electric supply lines concerned.
(2) The frame of every generator, stationary motor,
portable motor, and the metallic parts(not intended as
conductors) of all transformers and any other
apparatus used for regulating or controlling energy
and all medium voltage energy consuming apparatus
shall be earthed by the owner by two separate and
distinct connections with earth.
 Looping in system
Fig shows a simple looping in method which is commonly used

the phase [or] live conductors are looped in switch board and
neutrals are looped either in switch borad or from light or fan .
It will be seen that the live terminal of the loads [lamps and fan]

are connected through switch and neutral for next load is looped
in previous lamp/fan point .
In this system no point are made in the run of wire or cable
Looping out with a junction box
 Advantages&Disadvantages of looping
system
Advantages:
Junction boxes are not required
Fault location is easy

Disadvantages:
Length of cable required is more
 Tree system
 In this system from the main switch rising mains are run to every floor rising

mains are of copper or aluminium strips which group from the main switch to all
floors .
the rising mains are usually provided in the centre of the load for the purpose of

economy .at each floor rising mains are connected to economy boards to sub
board .
sub circuits are taken from the sub boards the sub circuits are used for wiring the

portion of the load in accordance with the method explained in articles 3 and4
 
 Ring system

 In this systems a pair of conductors are run through all the rooms .

The cailing roses plugs and appliances are fitted

 The ring circuit is brought back to the main board with this system wiring is

required to be done suitable fuse wire is each plug and exiting roses if the both
ends of the conductors are ending are ending on the same main sub load
There may be saving of copper because the current can be fed both sides but

the method is not used celing roses

 sometimes the main loads are connected to two different switiches of suitable

capacity the both ends of the ring circuits terminate in a seprate switch
 Lamp circuits
The lamp circuits used for house wiring are quite simple and they are generally controlled from one point

such as room lighting bathroom lighting etc

But in staircase wiring it is necessary to control the lamp circuit from two points at the top and bottom of the

staircase

 simalary in halls or corridors or bedrooms it may be necessary to control the lamp from more than two points

In general the lamp circuits can be divided in to the following :

1, simple circuit

2.series parallal circuit

3.master switch circuit

4. pilot circuit
5. miscellous circuits
 Simple circuits (bedroom and staircase
lighting)
In bedroom a light is required at the dressing table which

may be single switch circuit and another light provided

near the bed must be controlled by 2- way switch for the
lamps to be connected switch no1
Main switch Board and Sub distribution Boards
 In order that the consumer may have self control of the electric

circuit have a main switch generally a15 amps main switch .

The switch is a double poled one and is combined with fuses

The blades of the double pole switch are made of the two links

mounted on a insulating bar to which is also connected the health

for the operation of the switch
 
THANK YOU