WATER SUPPLY

Design Approach And Methodology

Ir. Abdul Aziz Abas FIEM, P.Eng, C.PEng, Int.PE
 PREFACE WATER SUPPLY

Preparation for life…

• As a module of the Integrated Design Project course for the Bachelor of

Civil Engineering programme, Faculty of Civil Engineering, UiTM, Shah
Alam

This program will provide basic overview of all aspects of Water Supply
design approach and methodologies
 CONTENTS WATER SUPPLY

1. Introduction

2. Hydrology

3. Design Guidelines

4. Water Supply Planning

5. Raw Water Intake

6. Water Treatment

7. Water Transmission

8. Water Distribution

9. Water Storage

10. Water Pumping

11.Water Reticulation

12. Typical Drawings

Contents
1 INTRODUCTION

4
 1
INTRODUCTION WATER SUPPLY

Definition

Water is a ubiquitous chemical substance that is composed of hydrogen

and oxygen and is vital for all known forms of life

Water supply is the process of self-provision or provision by third parties in

the water industry, commonly a public utility, of water resources of various
qualities to different users

Water Supply System is facilities for the collection, treatment, storage,

and distribution of water
 1
INTRODUCTION WATER SUPPLY

Overview of World Water Supply

Source: UNDP. Data as of 2006

6
 1
INTRODUCTION WATER SUPPLY

Malaysian Water Authority

MINISTRY OF FINANCE (MOF) KEMENTERIAN TENAGA, TEKNOLOGI HIJAU DAN AIR (KeTTHA)
Ministry of Power, Green Technology And Water

SURUHANJAYA PERKHIDMATAN AIR NEGARA (SPAN)

National Water Services Commission
Regulator

WSIA 2006
PENGURUSAN ASET AIR BHD (PAAB)
Water Asset Management Company (WAMCO)

Facilities Licensee SPAN’s Representatives

WATER SUPPLY SERVICES SEWERAGE SERVICES

ALL STATES except

PERLIS KEDAH P.PINANG PERAK SELANGOR PAHANG SABAH & SARAWAK

Service Licensee
T’GANU N.SEMBILAN MELAKA JOHOR K’TAN

Design Guidelines
SPAN as the technical and economic regulator and set out the function and powers of SPAN
WSIA provides the legal framework required for the regulation of the water and sewerage service industry
PAAB Water asset owner
77
 1
INTRODUCTION WATER SUPPLY

SOURCE Typical Water Supply System

SUPPLY

Abstract

Treat & Store DEMAND

Supply

Mar 2010 8
2 HYDROLOGY

9
 2
HYDROLOGY WATER SUPPLY

Hydrological Cycle
10
 2
HYDROLOGY WATER SUPPLY

Suitable raw water source (low Non-Suitable raw water source

contamination) (high contamination)

Concept of Raw Water Source 11

 2
HYDROLOGY WATER SUPPLY

Raw Water Intake

Impounding
reservoir

Water Shed (Catchment Area) 12

12
2
HYDROLOGY WATER SUPPLY

Impounding Reservoir

13
13
 2
HYDROLOGY WATER SUPPLY

Sg Selangor Water Supply Scheme

DAM CATCHMENT WATER LAKE AREA

AREA (ha) STORAGE (Ha)
(MCM)
Sg Selangor 19,000 235 600

Mar 2010 14
Source : SPLASH
 2
WATER RESOURCES WATER SUPPLY

Sg Selangor Water Supply Scheme

Source : SPLASH
Mar 2010 15
Mar 2010
3 Design Guidelines

16
3
DESIGN GUIDELINES WATER SUPPLY

Water Demand Guidelines

Water Demand Criteria

Type of Water Demand Demand Criteria

Housing 1.6 CuM/unit/day

Hotel 1.5 CuM/room/day
Commercial 6.0 CuM/Acre/day
Industrial 20.2 CuM/Acre/day
Ships Supply* 160 CuM/Ship
Port Area (Incl. ships supply)* 6.0 CuM/Acre/day

• Water Demand

Usually expressed in
Litres/day (lpd) or
Gallons / day (gpd)

17
17
 3
DESIGN GUIDELINES WATER SUPPLY

Basic Design Criteria

• Water Storage

Minimum Capacity ; 1-day

Maximum Capacity ; 3-day

Suction Tank ; 1/3 x Capacity

Service Tank ; 2/3 x Capacity

18
18
 3
DESIGN GUIDELINES WATER SUPPLY

Basic Design Criteria

• Water Storage & Max Pressure Zones ≤ 40 m (S’gor)

Distribution Max Pressure Zones ≤ 60 m (JKR)

• To protect domestic fittings

• To reduce NRW
• To provide safety
• For ease of maintenance
• Lower operation cost
Hydrau
lic Gradien
t Line

Max Pressure

19
19
 3
DESIGN GUIDELINES WATER SUPPLY

Basic Design Criteria

Mar 2010 20
 3
DESIGN GUIDELINES WATER SUPPLY

Basic Design Criteria

• Water Transfer via
Transmission Pipeline Residual Pressure ≥ 1 bar
(to Supply Area) Residual Pressure < 1 bar, May require pumping
Velocity ≤ 1.0 m/sec
Max Test Pressure = 15 bars

≈ 5 psi Above EGL

EGL Hydra
ulic G
ra dient
Safe Water Pressure Line (
HG L)

Flow
A Dire
ct ion
Residual Pressure
Supply Source
Velocity ≤ 1.0m/s
B
Supply Area

Residual Pressure = Safe Water Pressure – Head Losses

21
21
 DESIGN GUIDELINES WATER SUPPLY

• Water Distribution via Basic Design Criteria

Reticulation Pipelines
(Within supply Area)

Mar 2010 22
 3
DESIGN GUIDELINES WATER SUPPLY

Basic Design Criteria

• Pumping System Velocity ≤ 1.0 m/sec

Max head ; Pump curves
 3
DESIGN GUIDELINES WATER SUPPLY

Basic Design Criteria

• Reticulation Pipelines Head loss ≤ 2m / km

Velocity ≤ 0.6 m/sec
Residual Pressure ≥ 7.5m above HSL (Min)
Hydrants Pressure ≥ 1.0 bar

Hydraulic G
radient
• Minimum pressure in a 5 psi (0.35 bar)
system
7.5m

Supply Level

24
Mar 2010
4 Water Supply Planning

25
 4
WATER SUPPLY PLANNING WATER SUPPLY

Regional Context

IMPOUNDING
RESERVOIR

PROJECT
SITE

Kuantan

Topographical Map
4
WATER SUPPLY PLANNING WATER SUPPLY

Development Masterplan
 4
WATER SUPPLY PLANNING WATER SUPPLY

Water Demands Projection

2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Landuse
(CuM/day) (CuM/day) (CuM/day) (CuM/day) (CuM/day) (CuM/day) (CuM/day) (CuM/day)
Existing Kuantan Port Area 5,968 5,968 5,968 5,968 5,968 5,968 5,968 5,968

Proposed Extension Port Area** 0 109 380 930 1,555 2,180 3,230 4,280

Industry (Existing) 48,662 48,662 48,662 48,662 48,662 48,662 48,662 48,662

Industry (Proposed) 0 2,885 10,096 19,974 23,386 26,797 36,905 47,013

Very Heavy Industry (Iron Steel,
0 10,877 38,071 101,372 118,224 135,077 148,142 161,206
Bio-fuel, POIC, Petchem, Lynas)
Tourism Zone 0 433 1,516 1,516 1,516 1,516 1,516 1,516

Commercial & Nursery 0 213 745 1,091 1,296 1,501 1,733 1,966

Residential 2,831 3,259 17,383 27,803 37,816 47,828 61,587 75,347

Mixed use 0 19 65 151 295 439 542 644

School & Institutional & Logistic
1,440 2,295 4,432 5,022 5,227 5,432 6,154 6,876
Park
Golf course 0 0 0 0 0 25 50
Railway Station / Transit Oriented
0 0 0 0 69 138 138 138
Dev (TOD)
NRW %# 42.00% 40.00% 35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00%

NRW (CuM/day) 24,738 29,887 44,561 63,746 61,003 68,885 78,650 88,415

TOTAL (CuM/day) 83,639 104,605 171,877 276,234 305,016 344,423 393,250 442,077

TOTAL (Million Gallons/day)# 19 24 39 61 67 76 87 98

Projected Water Demands

 4
WATER SUPPLY PLANNING WATER SUPPLY

Non Revenue Water

2008

Average NRW Asian Countries = 30%

Average (Developed Countries+ Asean) = 23%

Target = 25%
 4
WATER SUPPLY PLANNING WATER SUPPLY

Water Demands

Established
Demand
Ultimate
projected
Demand

Projected Water Demands

 4
WATER SUPPLY PLANNING WATER SUPPLY

Regional Context

Cereh Dam

PROJECT
SITE

98 MGD

Kuantan

Terrain Map
5 RAW WATER INTAKE
 5
RAW WATER ABSTRACTION WATER SUPPLY

Cereh Dam
Cereh Dam

PROJECT
SITE

Sg. Kuantan Water Catchment Area

15km

Sg. Kuantan
Semambu
Treatment Work

10km

Kuantan

Kg. Kobat Baru

Water Intake
 5
RAW WATER ABSTRACTION WATER SUPPLY

River source Raw Water Intake

Intake structure

Wier

By-pass

Q abstraction = Ultimate Demand + Plant Use

 5
RAW WATER ABSTRACTION WATER SUPPLY

Raw Water Intake

Intake structure
Q abstraction
Raw Water Transmission pipeline
To WTP
Intake station Headwork Bridge
Platform Level = 100 years flood level Overflow
Natural Top Water level
gate
50 years draught level
River bed

Suction level

Q abstraction = Ultimate Demand + Plant Use

6 WATER TREATMENT
 6
WATER TREATMENT WATER SUPPLY

Cereh Dam
Cereh Dam

PROJECT
SITE

Sg. Kuantan Water Catchment Area

15km

Sg. Kuantan
Semambu
Treatment Work

10km

Kuantan

Kg. Kobat Baru

Water Intake
 6
WATER TREATMENT WATER SUPPLY

Water Treatment Plant

1 2
3 4

5
3 2
1

SEMAMBU TREATMENT WORK

Mar 2010 39
7 WATER TRANSMISSION
 7
WATER TRANSMISSION WATER SUPPLY

Gravity Flow

PROJECT
SITE Source point
GL 60m
GL 37m
Ch.15000m

Ground level

Transmission
pipeline
15km Supply point
Transmission GL 37m
Semambu
GL 60m Treatment Work pipeline
Ch.0m

Kuantan

Ch 0.00m Longitudinal Profile Ch 15000.00m

 7
WATER TRANSMISSION WATER SUPPLY

• Ultimate Demand (Q) = 98.0 MGD Gravity Flow

= 441,000
CuM/day
• Peak factor f = 1.2
• Total pipe length (L) = 15km Source point
• Consider minor losses = 20% GL 60m
• Bottom Water Level @ TW (B) = 60.0m ODL
• Top Water Level @ Project Site (T) = 40.0m ODL
• Required Residual Pressure (Hr) = 10m
• Design transmission period (t) = 20 hours / 24 hours

Thus
Ground level
• Design Flow, Qd = Q * f / t
• Permissible Head Loss, HL = (B –T + Hr) / (L * 1.2)
• Roughness Coefficient, C = 100

Hence, Supply point

Using Hazen-William Formula GL 37m
Transmission
• HL = 10.6*Qd^1.85 pipeline
C^1.85*D^4.87

• Adopt Diameter of pipes, D = 2.1m dia (twin pipes)

• Recalculate Velocity, V = 0.88 m/sec
• Residual Pressure Rp= 11.86 m
Ch 0.00m Longitudinal Profile Ch 15000.00m
7
WATER TRANSMISSION WATER SUPPLY
 7
WATER SUPPLY

Inter-State Water Transfer

Source : SMHB

Mar 2010 44
8 WATER DISTRIBUTION
 8
WATER DISTRIBUTION WATER SUPPLY

Water Supply Zones

6
 Suit development phasing

5  Reliable distribution system

 Construction cost effective

3  Ease of maintenance

 Control of NRW
1

2
4
 8
WATER DISTRIBUTION WATER SUPPLY

Balancing Tank Hydraulics & Service Coverage

Consideration

Hydraulic
Gradient L
ine
ELEVATION
Residual (HGL)
Pressure
hgl Residual
Pressure
Residual
hgl
Pressure
hgl

Supply Zone 1 Supply Zone 2 Supply Zone 3

PLAN
 To Cherating
8
WATER DISTRIBUTION WATER SUPPLY

(future) Main Distribution Pipes Network

il
Ra
R7
)
T2

5
Timur (LP

R5
tai
an

KPC Boundary
yaP
hra

R4
bu
Le

R2
R9

R8
Balancing Tank
R1
LEGEND
R3 Distribution Pipes Network
Storage Tank

Transmission pipeline
From Treatment
To Kuala Lumpur
Plant
9 WATER STORAGE
 9
WATER STORAGE WATER SUPPLY

Water Storage Demands

(Without NRW)
2008 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Landuse
(CuM/day) (CuM/day) (CuM/day) (CuM/day) (CuM/day) (CuM/day) (CuM/day) (CuM/day)
Existing Kuantan Port Area 5,968 5,968 5,968 5,968 5,968 5,968 5,968 5,968

Proposed Extension Port Area** 0 109 380 930 1,555 2,180 3,230 4,280

Industry (Existing) 48,662 48,662 48,662 48,662 48,662 48,662 48,662 48,662

Industry (Proposed) 0 2,885 10,096 19,974 23,386 26,797 36,905 47,013

Very Heavy Industry (Iron Steel,
0 10,877 38,071 101,372 118,224 135,077 148,142 161,206
Bio-fuel, POIC, Petchem, Lynas)
Tourism Zone 0 433 1,516 1,516 1,516 1,516 1,516 1,516

Commercial & Nursery 0 213 745 1,091 1,296 1,501 1,733 1,966

Residential 2,831 3,259 17,383 27,803 37,816 47,828 61,587 75,347

Mixed use 0 19 65 151 295 439 542 644

School & Institutional & Logistic
1,440 2,295 4,432 5,022 5,227 5,432 6,154 6,876
Park
Golf course 0 0 0 0 0 25 50
Railway Station / Transit Oriented
0 0 0 0 69 138 138 138
Dev (TOD)
NRW %# 42.00% 40.00% 35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00% 25.00%

NRW (CuM/day) 24,738 29,887 44,561 63,746 61,003 68,885 78,650 88,415

TOTAL (CuM/day) 83,639 104,605 171,877 276,234 305,016 344,423 393,250 442,077

TOTAL (Million Gallons/day)# 19 24 39 61 67 76 87 98

 9
WATER STORAGE WATER SUPPLY

Water Storage Demands

Ultimate
Established projected
Storage Storage
Demand Demand
 To Cherating
9
WATER STORAGE WATER SUPPLY

(future) Distribution of Storage Tanks

il
Ra
R1 + R2 + R3 + …………. + R9 = 1 Day Storage
R7
)
T2

5
Timur (LP

R5
tai

Mandatory requirement
an

KPC Boundary
yaP
hra

R4
bu
Le

R2
R9

R8

R1

R3
LEGEND

Proposed Storage Tank

Balancing Tank
From Treatment
To Kuala Lumpur
Plant
9
WATER STORAGE WATER SUPPLY

Typical Water Storage Structures

9
WATER STORAGE WATER SUPPLY

Typical Water Storage Application

 9
WATER STORAGE WATER SUPPLY

Concept of Mass-balance
Aim

To establish a balance flow system

Q in = Q out
Q Demand
Vt Q in Volume in
To determine Q out Volume out
Qp Volume Pumping
1.Suction Tank Size
2.Elevated Tank Size
3.Transmission (incoming) flow period
4.Transmission pipeline size

Vs P Qp Q out
Q in 1 – day supply
Vs = 1/3*Q Vt = 2/3*Q
1-day Storage = Vs + Vt
10 WATER PUMPING
 10
WATER PUMPING WATER SUPPLY

Purpose

Water have two main purposes:

• Transfer of liquid from one place to another place

• Circulate liquid around a system
 10
WATER PUMPING WATER SUPPLY

Purpose

Higher pressur
e

Residual
Pressure

Weaker p
re ssure
HGL
Residual
Pressure

Pressure booster Vacuum point

 9
WATER PUMPING WATER SUPPLY

Water Pumping Analysis

Positive Suction Head Arrangement hsafety
hvd HT = Hd - Hs

hfd
HT Total Pumping Head
hpd = Atm. pressure hv Vapour Head
hf Friction Head
hp Pressure Head
h Static Head
hsafety Safety Head
Hd Total Discharge
Hd Hs Total Suction
hd

Elevated Service Tank

Suction Tank

hvs
Hs hps = Atm. Pres.
Q out
Q in hs
hfs P
 9
WATER PUMPING WATER SUPPLY

Water Pumping Analysis

Negative Suction Head Arrangement hsafety
hvd HT = Hd + Hs

hfd
HT Total Pumping Head
hpd = Atm. pressure hv Vapour Head
hf Friction Head
hp Pressure Head
h Static Head
hsafety Safety Head
Hd Total Discharge
Hd Hs Total Suction
hd
Suction Tank Elevated Service Tank
P

hs

Q out
Q in Hs hvs

hfs hps = Atm. Pressure

 10
WATER PUMPING WATER SUPPLY

Water Pumping Analysis

Pump Operating Point

 10
WATER PUMPING WATER SUPPLY

Water Pumping Analysis

HT

Qp

Typical Pump Curve & Selection of pump

11 WATER RETICULATION
 11
WATER RETICULATION WATER SUPPLY

Water Supply Zone 5

4

3
Draw off

Node
5
Reticulation pipes Draw off
In loop system

R5

Service Tank Draw off

8
R5 2
6
1
7 9

12 10
Reticulation pipes
In loop system

11
 11
WATER RETICULATION WATER SUPPLY

Zone 5 - Water Demand Calculation

Zone 5 – Ultimate Demand (Year 2040)

 11
WATER RETICULATION WATER SUPPLY

Critical Scenario Consideration

Dominant Flow

Case 1 (Fire Flow) : Average Flow + Fire Flow

Case 2 (Peak Flow) : Average Flow x Peak Factor

Consider Dominant Flow for water reticulation analysis

Ultimate Water Demand For Zone 5

Thus,

Case 1 : (19,175.50 CuM/day x 1000/24/3600 ) + 2 (22.5 lit/sec) = 267 lit/sec

Case 2 : (19,175.50 CuM/day x 1000/24/3600) x 2.5 = 555 lit/sec

Hence,

Peak Flow condition is dominant

 11
WATER RETICULATION WATER SUPPLY

Draw offs Calculations

4

3
Draw off

Node
5
Reticulation pipes Draw off
In loop system

Service Tank Draw off

8
R5 2
6
1
7 9

12 10
Reticulation pipes
In loop system

11
11
WATER RETICULATION WATER SUPPLY

Draw offs Calculations

5 2.5 99
 11
3000 WATER RETICULATION WATER SUPPLY
13.0
3
4 Reticulation Analysis
13.0 8.5
9.5
180.0 lit/sec 8 Node 8
3
8.0 lit/sec 6.0 Formation Ground Level 6.0m ODL

4
00
20
13.0 Highest Supply Level 13.0m ODL

13.0
6.5 Pipe No 1, Length 1000m
5 1

99.0 lit/sec 1000

5000

BWL 32.0 Bottom Water Level 32.0m ODL

2

R5 Service Tank R5

4000
5
13.0
7.5 13.0
31.0 lit/sec
12.0 7.0
6.0 8
00

R5 2
10

1.0 lit/sec Iteration using

6

6
218.0 lit/sec
12
BWL 32.0 1 Hardy-Cross method
100

1 11
7 9
0

1000
1500 10.0 lit/sec
6.0 10 7.5
10 12 7 13
30 13.0
00 1000 7.0 1500
6.0
0
200

13.0
13.0
8

8.0 lit/sec Peak Flow Analysis

9 13.0
20
Peak Factor = 2.5
00 11 6.0
 11
WATER RETICULATION WATER SUPPLY

Reticulation Analysis

Node ID Elevation Base Demand Head (m) Residual

(m) Demand LPS Pressure
LPS
1 Resv 33 #NA -555.0 33.0 0.00

2 13 31 31.0 31.82 18.82

3 13 8 8.0 28.91 15.91

4 13 180 180.0 27.27 14.27

5 13 99 99.0 24.93 11.93

6 6 0 0.0 29.12 23.12

7 6 0 0.0 29.10 23.10

8 13 1 1.0 27.40 14.40

9 13 10 10.0 26.66 13.66

10 13 0 0.0 29.27 16.27

11 13 8 8.0 29.55 16.55

12 13 218 218.0 30.41 17.41

70
Analysis using Epanet Version 2.0
 11
WATER RETICULATION WATER SUPPLY

Reticulation Analysis
Link ID Length (m) Diameter Roughness Flow LPS Velocity Headloss
(mm) (m/s) (m/km)
Pipe 1 1000 900 100 555.00 0.87 1.18

Pipe 2 5000 800 100 277.05 0.55 0.58

Pipe 3 3000 800 100 269.05 0.54 0.55

Pipe 4 2000 450 100 89.05 0.56 1.17

Pipe 5 4000 200 100 -9.95 0.32 1.05

Pipe 6 1000 200 100 1.17 0.04 0.02

Pipe 7 1000 200 100 -3.69 0.12 0.17

Pipe 8 2000 300 100 -9.87 0.14 0.14

Pipe 9 2000 300 100 -17.83 0.25 0.43

Pipe 10 3000 800 100 -246.95 0.49 0.47

Pipe 11 1500 150 100 4.87 0.28 1.13

Pipe 12 1000 150 100 3.87 0.22 0.74

Pipe 13 1500 150 100 -6.13 0.35 1.74

Pipe 14 1000 200 100 -11.12 0.35 1.29

Analysis using Epanet Version 2.0

 11
WATER RETICULATION WATER SUPPLY

Reticulation Pipes Network

ipe
800Ø D.I. p

pe
. pi
D.I
0Ø
45
BWL 32.0 Bottom Water Level 32.0m ODL

R5
800Ø

Service Tank R5
D.I. p

ipe
ipe

D.I. p
200Ø

90
0Ø
D.
I.
pi
pe e

150Ø
D .I. pip
R5 150Ø

D.
ipe

I. pip
BWL 32.0
I. p

e
I. pip
80

D.

20 D.
e
0Ø
150Ø
0Ø

0Ø

D.
20

I. p
D.I

ipe
.p
ipe

300
ØD

30
0Ø
D.
.I. p

I. p
ipe
ipe
 11
WATER RETICULATION WATER SUPPLY

Overall Water Supply System

il
Ra
R7
LEGEND
Transmission Pipeline
)
T2

Distribution Pipelines
Timur (LP

R5
External Storage Tanks
Main Reticulation Pipelines
tai
an

KPC Boundary

R6
yaP
hra

R4
bu
Le

R2
R9

R8

R1

R3

WATER DEMANDS
From Treatment
To Kuala Lumpur
Plant TANKS SCHEDULE
12 TYPICAL DRAWINGS
 12
TYPICAL DRAWINGS WATER SUPPLY

Proposed Bulk Meter

Proposed Tapping Point by

Hot tapping method

Transmission Pipeline
 12
TYPICAL DRAWINGS WATER SUPPLY

Water Reticulation

300Ø D.I.
Ø D.I.
400

I.
D.
0Ø
40

15
0Ø
D.
I.
 12
TYPICAL DRAWINGS WATER SUPPLY

Plan of Suction Tank & Pump House

Pump House

Suction Tank
12
TYPICAL DRAWINGS WATER SUPPLY

Cross-section of Suction Tank &

Pump House
 12
24800

9200
24000
4700 9200
TYPICAL DRAWINGS WATER SUPPLY

Elevated R.C. Water Tank

R 24
011
TWL=35.26m
5765

5265

BWL=30.0m
6667
6667

Overflow pipe
26668
6667
6667
1450
 12
TYPICAL DRAWINGS WATER SUPPLY

Constructed Water Storage Tanks & Pumping System

 Thank You
Terima Kasih

Mar 2010 81
 Questions & Answers

Email: Ir.Aziz@yahoo.com
July 2009 82