Week/day 8

Entropy Balance

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 7–13 Entropy Balance 1

Entropy balance: The entropy change of a system during a process is equal

to the net entropy transfer through the system boundary and the entropy
generated within the system.

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 7–13 Entropy Balance 2

Figure 7–56
Energy and entropy balances for a system.

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 7–13 Entropy Balance 4

Mechanisms of Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout

Figure 7–57
Heat transfer is always accompanied by
entropy transfer in the amount of Q/T,
where T is the boundary temperature.
1 Heat Transfer
Entropy transfer by heat transfer:
Q
Sheat  (T  constant)
T
2 Q Qk
Sheat  
1 T
 T
k

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 7–13 Entropy Balance 5

Entropy transfer by work

Entropy transfer by work: Swork = 0
Figure 7–58
No entropy accompanies work as it crosses the system boundary. But entropy may
be generated within the system as work is dissipated into a less useful form of
energy.

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 7–13 Entropy Balance 6

2 Mass Flow
Entropy transfer by mass flow: Smass = ms

When the properties of the mass change during the process

S mass   s Vn dAc and Smass   s  m   S mass dt

Ac t

Figure 7–59
Mass contains entropy as well as energy, and thus mass flow into or out of a system
is always accompanied by energy and entropy transfer.

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 7–13 Entropy Balance 7

Entropy Generation, Sgen

Sin  Sout + Sgen = Ssystem (kJ/K)
      
Net entropy transfer Entropy Change
by heat and mass generation in entropy

S in  S out + S gen = dSsystem / dt (kW/K)

       
Rate of net entropy Rate of entropy Rate of change
transfer by heat generation in entropy
and mass

( sin  sout )  sgen  ssystem (kJ/kg.K)

Figure 7–60
Mechanisms of entropy
transfer for a general system.

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 7–13 Entropy Balance 8

Figure 7–61
Entropy generation outside system
boundaries can be accounted for by
writing an entropy balance on an
extended system that includes the system The total entropy generated during a
and its immediate surroundings. process can be determined by applying
the entropy balance to an extended
system that includes the system itself and
its immediate surroundings where
external irreversibilities might be
occurring .
The entropy change in this case is equal
to the sum of the entropy change of the
system and the entropy change of the
immediate surroundings.

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 7–13 Entropy Balance 10

Control Volumes
Figure 7–62
Qk The entropy of a control
 T   mi si   me se  Sgen  (S2  S1 )cv (kJ/K)
volume changes as a result
k

Q k of mass flow as well as heat

 T   m i si   m e se  S gen  dSCV / dt (kW/K) transfer.
k

S  m s  m s  Qk
Steady-flow: gen  e e  i i  Tk
Steady-flow, single-
stream:  Q k
Sgen  m ( se  si )  
Tk

Steady-flow, single-stream, adiabatic:

S gen  m ( se  si )

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 7–13 Entropy Balance 9

Closed Systems
Qk
Closed system :  T  Sgen  Ssystem  S2  S1 (kJ/K)
k

The entropy change of a closed system during a process is equal to the sum of
the net entropy transferred through the system boundary by heat transfer and
the entropy generated within the system boundaries.

Adiabatic closed system : Sgen  Sadiabatic system

System  surroundings : Sgen   S  Ssystem  Ssurroundings

Ssystem  m( s2  s1 )

Ssurr  Qsurr / Tsurr

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 Examples 5

Entropy Generation Associated with Heat Transfer

Figure 7–68
Schematic for Example 7–21. A frictionless piston–cylinder device contains a
saturated liquid–vapor mixture of water at 100°C.
During a constant-pressure process, 600 kJ of heat is
transferred to the surrounding air at 25°C. As a result,
part of the water vapor contained in the cylinder
condenses. Determine (a) the entropy change of the
water and (b) the total entropy generation during this
heat transfer process.

Sin  Sout + Sgen = Ssystem

      
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Net entropy transfer Entropy Change
by heat and mass generation inentropy
Q 600 kJ Qout
Ssystem = = = 1.61 kJ/K  + Sgen = Ssystem
Tsystem (100 + 273 K)
Tb
Qout 600 kJ
Sgen = + Ssystem  + (1.61 kJ/K) = 0.40 kJ/K
Tb (25 + 273) K
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 Closed Systems
One kilogram of water is contained in a spring-loaded piston/cylinder, Fig. P8-1 as saturated liquid
at 120 °C. Heat is added from a reservoir at 250 °C until a final condition of 800 kPa, 200 °C is
reached. Find the work, heat transfer, and entropy generation, assuming the process is internally
reversible.

Fig. P8-1

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 Closed Systems
Two tanks contain steam, and they are both connected to a piston/cylinder, as shown in Fig. P8-2.
Initially, the piston is at the bottom, and the mass of the piston is such that a pressure of 1.4 MPa
below it will be able to lift it. Steam in A has a mass of 4 kg at 7 MPa, 700 °C, and B has 2 kg at 3
MPa, 350 °C. The two valves are opened, and the water comes to a uniform state. Find the final
temperature and the total entropy generation, assuming no heat transfer.

Fig. P8-2

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 7–5 Property Diagrams Involving Entropy 2

Mollier diagram: The h-s diagram

Figure 7–18
For adiabatic steady-flow devices,the vertical distance Δh on an h-s diagram is a
measure of work, and the horizontal distance Δs is a measure of irreversibilities.

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 7–4 Isentropic Processes
Isentropic process: A process during which the entropy remains constant.

Isentropic process : s  0 or s2  s1 (kJ/kg.K)

Figure 7–14
Figure 7–17
During an internally reversible, adiabatic
(isentropic) process, the entropy remains The isentropic process appears as a
constant. vertical line segment on a T-s diagram.

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 7–10 Reversible Steady-flow Work 4

Proof that Steady-Flow Devices Deliver the Most and Consume the Least
Work when the Process Is Reversible
Figure 7–43
Taking heat input and work output positive: A reversible turbine delivers more work than
 qact   wact  dh  dke  dpe Actual an irreversible one if both operate between the
Reversible same end states.
 qrev   wrev  dh  dke  dpe
 qact   wact   qrev   wrev
1 0
 wrev   wact   qrev   qact  
 0 1 
 qact
 qrev  Tds ds 
T
 wrev   wact q
 ds  act  0
T T
wrev  wact wrev  wact
Work-producing devices such as turbines
deliver more work, and work-consuming
devices such as pumps and compressors
require less work when they operate
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 7–12 Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-flow Devices 1

The more closely the actual process approximates the idealized isentropic
process, the better the device performs.
Thus, it would be desirable to have a parameter that expresses quantitatively
how efficiently an actual device approximates an idealized one. This
parameter is the isentropic or adiabatic efficiency, which is a measure of the
deviation of actual processes from the corresponding idealized ones.
Isentropic efficiencies are defined differently for different devices since each
device is set up to perform different tasks.

Figure 7–47
The isentropic process involves no
irreversibilities and serves as the
ideal process for adiabatic devices.

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 7–12 Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-flow Devices 2

Isentropic Efficiency of Turbines

Figure 7–48
The h-s diagram for the actual and
For a turbine under steady operation,
isentropic processes of an adiabatic the inlet state of the working fluid and
turbine. the exhaust pressure are fixed.
The ideal process for an adiabatic
turbine is an isentropic process between
the inlet state and the exhaust pressure.

Actual turbine work wa

T  
Isentropic turbine work ws

h1 - h2 a
T 
h1 - h2 s

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 7–12 Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-flow Devices 3

Steam enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 3 MPa and

400°C and leaves at 50 kPa and 100°C. If the power h1  h2 a
output of the turbine is 2 MW, determine (a) the
T 
h1  h2 s
isentropic efficiency of the turbine and (b) the mass flow
rate of the steam flowing through the turbine.
W a,out  m (h1  h2 a )
Figure 7–49
Schematic and T-s diagram for Example 7–14.

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 7–12 Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-flow Devices 3

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 7–12 Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-flow Devices 4

Figure 7–50
The h-s diagram of the actual and
Isentropic Efficiencies of isentropic processes of an
adiabatic compressor.
Compressors and Pumps
Isentropic compressor work ws
c  
Actual compressor work wa
h2 s  h1 When kinetic and potential
c 
h2 a  h1 energies are negligible

ws v( P2 - P1 )
P   For a pump
wa h2 a - h1

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 7–10 Reversible Steady-flow Work 3

Example: Compressing a Substance in the Liquid

Figure 7–42 versus Gas Phases
Schematic and T-s diagram for
Determine the compressor work input required to
Example  7–12.
compress steam isentropically from 100 kPa to 1 MPa,
assuming that the steam exists as (a) saturated liquid and
(b) saturated vapor at the inlet state.

Tds  dh  vdP ( Eq.7  24) 

 vdP  dh
ds  0 (isentropic process) 
2 2
wrev ,in   vdP   dh  h2  h1
1 1
2
wrev   v dP  v1 ( P2  P1 )
1

 1kJ 
= (0.001043m 3 /kg)[(1000  100) kPa]  3 
 1kPa.m 
= 0.94kJ/kg
wrev,in  (3194.5  2675.0)kJ/kg  519.5kJ/kg
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 7–12 Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-flow Devices 5

A realistic model process for compressors that are intentionally cooled

during the compression process is the reversible isothermal process.

Isothermal efficiency Figure 7–51

Compressors are sometimes intentionally
wt cooled to minimize the work input.
c 
wa
Can you use isentropic efficiency for a non-
adiabatic compressor?
Answer: isentropic efficiency is not suitable to do
it.
Can you use isothermal efficiency for an adiabatic
compressor?
Answer: a realistic model process for
compressors that are intentionally cooled during
the compression process is the reversible
isothermal process. Then we can conveniently
define an isothermal efficiency for such cases by
comparing the actual process to a reversible
isothermal one.
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 7–12 Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-flow Devices 6

Example
Air is compressed by an adiabatic compressor from 100 kPa and 12°C to a pressure of 800
kPa at a steady rate of 0.2 kg/s. If the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 80 percent,
determine (a) the exit temperature of air and (b) the required power input to the compressor.

W a,in  m (h2 a  h1 )
Figure 7–52
Schematic and T-s diagram for Example 7–15. h2 s  h1
c 
h2 a  h1

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 7–12 Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-flow Devices 7

Figure 7–53
Isentropic Efficiency of The h-s diagram of the actual and
Nozzles isentropic processes of an adiabatic
Actual KE at nozzle exit V22a nozzle.
N  
Isentropic KE at nozzle exit V22s

If the inlet velocity of the fluid is small

relative to the exit velocity, the energy
balance is
V22a
h1  h2 a 
2
h1  h2 a
N 
h1  h2 s

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 7–12 Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-flow Devices 8

Example
ein  eout
Air at 200 kPa and 950 K enters an adiabatic
nozzle at low velocity and is discharged at a V12 V22s
h1   h2 s 
pressure of 110 kPa. If the isentropic efficiency 2 2
of the nozzle is 92 percent, determine (a) the h1  h2 a cp,avg (T1  T2 a )
maximum possible exit velocity, (b) the exit N  
temperature, and (c) the actual exit velocity of
h1  h2 s cp,avg (T1  T2 s )
the air. Assume constant specific heats for air. V22a
N  2
V2 s
Figure 7–54
Schematic and T-s diagram for Figure 7–55
Example 7–16. A substance leaves actual nozzles at a higher
temperature (thus a lower velocity) as a result
of friction.

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 Others Examples 1

Entropy balance for heat transfer through a wall

Consider steady heat transfer through a 5-m × 7-m brick wall
of a house of thickness 30 cm. On a day when the Figure 7–64
temperature of the outdoors is 0°C, the house is maintained Schematic for Example 7–
at 27 °C. The temperatures of the inner and outer surfaces of 17.
the brick wall are measured to be 20 °C and 5 °C,
respectively, and the rate of heat transfer through the wall is
1035 W. Determine the rate of entropy generation in the wall
and the rate of total entropy generation associated with this
heat transfer process.

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 Others Examples 2

Entropy balance for a throttling process

Steam at 7 MPa and 450 °C is throttled in a valve to
a pressure of 3 MPa during a steady-flow process.
Determine the entropy generated during this process
and check if the increase of entropy principle is
satisfied.

Figure 7–65
Schematic and T-s diagram for
Example 7–18.
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 Others Examples 4

Entropy Generation in a Heat Exchanger

Air in a large building is kept warm by heating it
with steam in a heat exchanger (Fig. 7–67).
Saturated water vapor enters this unit at 35°C at a
rate of 10,000 kg/h and leaves as saturated liquid
at 32°C. Air at 1-atm pressure enters the unit at
20°C and leaves at 30°C at about the same
pressure. Determine the rate of entropy generation
associated with this process.
Figure 7–67
Schematic for Example 7–20.
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 Summary
• Isentropic processes.
• Property diagrams involving entropy.
• Application of the T ds relations.
• Reversible steady-flow work.
• Isentropic efficiencies of steady-flow devices.
• Entropy balance.

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 End of Week/day 8

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