Generalized Balance Equations - thermofluids.

net
Phuong trinh can bang tong quat
Mass: Khoi luong

dm  kg 
dt
 m i
i  me
e  s  ; (1)
Rate of increase of mass Mass flow rate Mass flow rate
in an open system. into the system. out of the system.
Ty le tang khoi luong Toc do dong chay Toc do dong chay khoi
trong 1 he thong mo
AV vao he thong
 kg  luong ra khoi he thong
where, m   AV   K 
v
Energy: Nang luong
Nang luong duoc van chuyen
boi dong chay khoi luong ra ngoai
dE
 m j i i  m j
e e  Q  Wext  kW  (2)
dt i e Rate of heat Rate of external
Rate of increase Energy transported Energy transported transfer into work transfer
of stored energy by mass flow in. by mass flow out. Toc do truyen nhiet the system. out of the system.
of the open system. Ty le chuyen cong viec
Ty le tang nang luong Nang luong duoc van chuyen vao he thong
ben ngoai ra khoi he thong
gz  kJ 
du tru cua he thong mo boi dong chay khoi luong trong 2
V
where, j  h  ke  pe  h  
2000 1000  kg 
N VI
and Wext  Wsh  Wel  WB ; Wsh  2 T ; Wel   kW 
60 1000
W
WB   pdV  kJ  ; WB  lim B ;  kW 
t 0 t

Entropy:
Nang luong duoc van chuyen
boi dong chay khoi luong ra ngoai
dS Q  kW 
dt
 m s
i
i i  m s
e
e e 
TB
 Sgen  K 
Rate of
Rate of increase Entropy Entropy Entropy generation of
of entropy for transported by transported by transferred entropy inside
an open system. mass flow in. mass flow out. by heat. the system (3)
Ty le tang entropy Nang luong duoc van chuyen Nang luong boundary.
doi vs 1 he thong mo boi dong chay khoi luong trong truyen nhiet ty le tao ra entropy ben
where, according to the second law, Sgen  0 trong ranh gioi he thong

theo dinh luat thu hai

 Phuong trinh so du tuy chinh
Customized Balance Equations - thermofluids.net

Closed Steady Systems (Wall, Light bulb, Laptop adapter, Gear box, closed cycles)
He thong on dinh khep kin (Tuong, Bong den, Bo dieu hop may tinh xach tay, Hop so, chu trinh khep kin)

Mass Equation: m  constant (1)

Energy Equation: 0  Q  Wext kW where, Wext  WB  Wsh  Wel (2)

Q  kW 
Entropy Equation: 0   Sgen  ; Second law asserts: Sgen  0 (3)
TB  K  Dinh luat thu 2 khang dinh

Single-Flow Open-Steady Systems (pumps, turbines, nozzles, valves, pipes, etc.)

He thong on dinh mo 1 dong chay (may bom, tuabin, voi phun, van, duong ong, v.v.)

 kg 
Mass: me  mi  m  s  (1)

Energy: mje  mji  Q  Wext kW 

V2 gz (2)
where, j  h  ke  pe  h   kJ/kg , Wext  WB  Wsh  Wel kW 
2000 1000
Q  kW 
Entropy: mse  msi   Sgen  where, by second law, Sgen  0 (3)
TB  K 

Closed Processes (Heating water in a tank, piston-cylinder compression)

Quy trinh khep kin (Lam nong nuoc trong bon chua, nen piston-xi lanh)

Mass: m  constant  kg (1)

Energy: E  E f  Eb  Q  Wext or, me  Q  Wext kJ 

V2 gz (2)
where, e  u  ke  pe  u   kJ/kg ; Wext  WB  Wsh  Wel kJ 
2000 1000

Entropy: S  S f  Sb  Q / TB  Sgen or, ms  Q / TB  Sgen kJ/K where, Sgen  0 (3)

Open Processes (Filling an evacuated tank, filling a propane cylinder, discharge from a tank)
Quy trinh mo (Do day be chua da hut chan khong, lam day xi lanh propan, xa tu be chua)

Mass: m  m f  mb  mi  me kg (1)

Energy: E  E f  Eb  mi ji  me je  Q  Wext kJ 

V2 gz V2 gz
where, e  u  ke  pe  u   , j  h  ke  pe  h   kJ/kg  (2)
2000 1000 2000 1000
and Wext  WB  Wsh  Wel kJ 
Entropy: S  S f  Sb  mi si  me se  Q / TB  Sgen where, Sgen  0 (3)
 Danh gia trang thai thu cong
Manual State Evaluation
thermofluids.net>Tables
Cong thuc lien quan den trang thai chung: (ap dung cho bat ky chat nao)
General State Related Equations: ( applies to any substance)
1 V2 gz
m  V ;   ; ke  ; pe  ; e  u  ke  pe ; j  h  ke  pe ; h  u  pv (1)
v 2000 1000
E  me ;; S  ms ; KE  m  ke  ; PE  m  pe  (2)
m  e ; S  m
  AV ; V  AV ; E  m s; (3)
Tds  du  pdv  dh  vdp ; cv   u / T v ; c p   h / T  p (4)

SL Model: (Assumptions:   constant cv =constant: see Tables>Table-A)

u  u2  u1  c(T2  T1 ) ; cv  c p  c; (5)
h  h2  h1  (u  pv)  u  (pv)  c(T2  T1 )  v(p2  p1 ) (6)
T
s  c p ln 2 (7)
T1
PG Model: (Assumptions: p   RT ; cv =constant: see Tables>Table-C)
RT m m R m T T R
p   RT   RT  T R  nR , where R  (8)
v V V M M V V M
u  u2  u1  cv (T2  T1 ) , h  h2  h1  c p(T2  T1) , where cp  (cv  R) (9)
T p T v c kR R
s  c p ln 2  R ln 2 ; s  cv ln 2  R ln 2 ; also, k  p , c p  ; and cv  (10)
T1 p1 T1 v1 cv k 1 k 1
k k 1
k k k k 1 k
p  T  k 1     v   V  T  p  k  v  p v 
s  con process: 2   2    2    1    1  ; 2   2    1  ; 2   1  ; (11)
p1  T1   1   v2   V2  T1  p1   v2  p1  v2 
For polytropic process replace k with n Doi vs qua trinh thay the da huong k vs n
IG Model: (Assumptions: p   RT ; cv is function of T : see Tables>Table-D)
RT m m R m T T
p   RT   RT  T R  nR (12)
v V V M M V V
h  h T  , u  u T  s  s  p, T  (use ideal gas tables); c p  cv  R (13)
Phan phu thuoc nhiet do cua entropi duoc tach ra khoi phan phu thuoc ap suat:
The temperature dependent part of entropy is separated from the pressure dependent part:
T2
dT p p
s   cp  R ln 2  s (T2)  s (T1)  R ln 2 , where s (T ) is tabulated against T . (14)
o o 0

T1
T p1 p1

PC Model: (see Tables>Table-B) Determine the phase, L, V or M, of the fluid. For vapor use superheated Table.
For mixture, use saturation table (if the quality is not known, your goal should be to evaluate the quality
first which is the key to finding all specific properties of a mixture). For liquid use the CL sub-model.
CL Sub-Model: v , u and s depend on T only. Therefore, use the temperature-sorted saturation table to
obtain v  v f @T , u  u f @T or s  s f @T . To find h , use h  u  pv  u f @T  pv f @T .

RG Model: (see Tables>Table-E) p  Z ( pr , Tr ) RT where Z, the compressibility factor, is obtained from a
chart. pr and Tr are pressure and temperature normalized by the corresponding critical properties. Just
like entropy in the PG or IG model, h and u also have two parts, one temperature dependent and another
pressure dependent, in the RG model. The departure of these values from the corresponding IG values are
tabulated in the enthalpy and entropy departure charts as functions of pr and Tr . Therefore, the complete
state can be evaluated if pr and Tr are given.