TRUSS SYSTEMS

CE 1000 Engineering Mechanics

 Truss-Systems
1. What is truss?
2. How does load transfer take place in truss ?
3. What constitutes a simple truss element?
4. How to analyze truss element:
Method of joints.
5. Problem based on method of joints.
6. What is static indeterminacy, external indeterminacy,
internal indeterminacy?
 What is truss?
A framework of members joined at their ends to form a rigid
structure.
Plane Truss: When members of truss lie in single plane
Space Truss: Three dimensional truss.
Space Truss: Transmission Line Tower
Space Truss: Communication Tower
BridgeTruss
Plane (Bridge) Truss
Plane (Bridge) Truss
 How does load transfer occurs in truss?
External loads are transferred to the end nodes of truss
Truss Element is Two force member

Tension Compression
What is the basic element of plane truss?

Non-Rigid Frame Rigid Frame

Collapsable Non-Collapsable
 Simple Truss
Structures built from basic Triangle

Rigid Frame
Non-Collapsable

Deformation of
members due to
internal strains
is negligible
 Steps in Method of Joints
●
This method for finding the forces in the members of a
truss consists of satisfying the conditions of equilibrium for
the forces acting on the connecting pin of each joint.
●
The method therefore deals with the equilibrium of
concurrent forces, and only two independent equilibrium
equations are involved.
 Use Method of Joints
Calculate the forces in the members, ABC is equilateral
triangle of side 2m.
V=6kN
H=kN
C
A B
 Use Method of Joints
Calculate the forces in the members
 Use Method of Joints
Calculate the forces in the members
 Use Method of Joints
Calculate the forces in the members
 Truss-Systems
1. What is external redundancy?
2. What is internal redundancy?
3. What is static indeterminacy?
4. Why is method of sections needed?
5. Problem on method of sections.
 Book-keeping
●
m: No. of members
●
j : No. of joints
●
r : Support reactions

●
Unknowns:
●
No. of Equations:
 What is the force in member CD?
ABC is equilateral triangle of side 2m. CD is perpendicular
to AB.
V=3kN
H=√3 kN
C

A B
D
 External Redundancy
Will this structure stand?

R=2 R=2
 External Redundancy
Can you find the value of support
reactions?

R=3
 External Redundancy
Can you find the value of support
reactions?

R=3
 External Redundancy
Can you find the value of reactions?

R=4
 External Redundancy
Can you find the value of reactions?

C
A B

R=4
External Redundancy: Statically Indeterminacy
●
In 2-D plane truss, there are 3 equations of equilibrium if
we treat the entire truss as rigid.
●
We can solve for only 3 unknown reactions.
●
If unknown reactions are greater than 3, we cannot find
them.
●
R – 3 is called the degree of external redundancy
●
If R<3, the structure is unstable
●
If R=3, the reactions are statically determinate
●
If R>3, the truss has more supports than required for
stability.
 External Redundancy
Can you find the support reactions?
 External Redundancy
Can you find the support reactions?
Internal Redundancy: Statically Indeterminacy

●
Given a truss, first remove all the supports.
●
Now ask if the structure is unstable/stable/ has redundant
member?
●
Degree of internal redundancy is (m+3) – 2 j
●
3 joints : 3 members: 1 triangle
●
4 joints : 5 members: 2 triangles
●
5 joints : 7 members: 3 triangles
 Degree of Static Indeterminacy
●
Degree of Static Indeterminacy, ns: m + r -2 j
●
ns = 0: Stable
●
ns<0: Unstable
●
ns>0: Over-rigid.
●
Internal Indeterminacy: m+3 – 2 j
●
External Indeterminacy: r – 3
 Static Indeterminacy
●
j=5
●
m=8
●
r=3
●
No. of equations= 2 x 5 =10
●
No. of unknowns=m+r = 11
●
External indeterminacy=r-3 =0
●
Internal indeterminacy= (m+3) - 2j = 1
●
Static inderminacy= external+internal indeterminacy = 1
 Static Indeterminacy
●
j=5
●
m=8
●
r=4
●
No. of equations= 2 x 5 =10
●
No. of unknowns=m+r = 12
●
External indeterminacy=r-3 =1
●
Internal indeterminacy= (m+3) - 2j = 1
●
Static inderminacy= external+internal indeterminacy = 2
 Static Indeterminacy
●
j=5
●
m=7
●
r=4
●
No. of equations= 2 x 5 =10
●
No. of unknowns=m+r = 11
●
External indeterminacy=r-3 =1
●
Internal indeterminacy= (m+3) - 2j = 0
●
Static inderminacy= external+internal indeterminacy = 1
Internal Redundancy: Statically Indeterminacy
11
m> 2j-3:
9
Internal
7 redundancy
Members(m)
m=2j-3
5
3 m< 2j-3:
Unstable
1
3 4 5 6

Nodes(j)
 Exercise
●
Truss Element m = members, nj = joints, r = reactions

m m+3-2 j
r r -3

j m+r
 Exercise
●
Truss Element m = members, nj = joints, r = reactions

m m+3 - 2 j
r r-3

j m+r
 Static Indeterminacy
●
j=5
●
m=6
●
r=4
●
No. of equations= 2 x 5 =10
●
No. of unknowns=m+r = 10
●
External indeterminacy=4-3 =1
●
Internal indeterminacy= (m+3) - 2j = -1
●
Static inderminacy= external+internal indeterminacy = 0
 Static Indeterminacy
●
Step 1: Apply Equilibrium at Joint D

D E

A B C
 Static Indeterminacy
●
Step 2: Apply Equilibrium at Joint E

D E

A B C
 Static Indeterminacy
●
Step 3: Apply Equilibrium at Joint C

D E

A B C
 Static Indeterminacy
●
Step 4: Apply Equilibrium at Joint B

D E

A B C
 Static Indeterminacy
●
Step 5: Apply Equilibrium at Joint A

D E

A B C
 Motivation for method of sections
Find the force in this member DG using
method of joints
K H G F

C D E
A B
 Using Method of Joints
Step 1: Find Reactions at A, B

K H G F

C D E
A B
 Using Method of Joints
Step 2: Apply Equilibrium equation at Joint B

K H G F

C D E
A B
 Using Method of Joints
Step 3: Apply Equilibrium equation at Joint F

K H G F

C D E
A B
 Using Method of Joints
Step 4: Apply Equilibrium equation at Joint E

K H G F

C D E
A B
 Using Method of Joints
Step 5: Apply Equilibrium equation at Joint G

K H G F

C D E
A B
 Motivation for method of sections

K H G F

C D E
A B
 Problem based on method of sections
● FBE=?
 Problem based on method of sections
● FDG=?
 Problem based on method of sections

J H G F
60o
A B C D E
50 kN AB = BC=CD=BJ=4m,
DEF=60deg,
EDF=90deg.