SYSTEM OF PARALLEL FORCES:

CENTER OF GRAVITY
CE 100 Engineering Mechanics
 Today’s Agenda
1. Center of Parallel Forces
2. Center of Gravity
3. Center of mass
4. Example Problem 1
5. Example Problem 2
6. Symmetry
7. Composite Sections
 Review

P ( AC )  Q( BC )
A C
B R  PQ

P
Q

R
 Review

P ( AC )  Q( BC )

C A B R  P Q

R Q

P
 System of Parallel Forces acting at specified
locations on rigid body F4
A F1
F2
F1
B D F4 A
F2
F3 B D
C F3
F1 C
A F4
The resultant of these forces
B always passes through a
F2 D point regardless of the
F3 direction. This point is center
C of parallel forces.
 How to find center of parallel forces?
F4
F1
F2
A F1 A
F4
B F2 B D
D
F3
F3
y C C
y

yc 
 Fyi i
xc 
 Fx
i i

x F i
x F i
 Center of Gravity

B
A

C
A
B
C

A
C

B
 Center of Gravity

dW  g  vol
dW  g  t  dA
x  xdW
x
 dW

If ’’ ‘g’, ‘t,’ are

constant x
 xdA

 dA
Center of Gravity

dW  g  vol
dW  g  t  dA

y
 ydW

y  dW

If ‘’ ‘g’ ‘t’ are constant

y
 ydA

 dA
Centroid of a Line

~
x
 x dL
 dL
~
y
 y dL
 dL
Example: Find the Centroid of area under the
curve x=ky3 from x=0 to x=a
Method 1: Choose a vertical element dA=y dx as shown
Method 2: Choose a vertical element dA=x dy as shown
Example: Centroid of sector
Y
x
 xdA

 dA
y
 ydA

 dA
2
X
Example: Centroid of circular arc
Y
x
 xdL

 dL
r
y
 ydL

 dL
2
X
Example: Composite section
Y
a

a
a
2 a
2
X
 Example: Composite section
A1 X 1  A2 X 2
X Y A1Y1  A2Y2
Y A1  A2 Y
A1  A2
a  7a / 12

a  a/2

a/2

2 X A  a2 / 4
A1  a 2
X1  a / 2 X2  a / 4
Y1  a / 2 Y2  a / 4
Example: Composite section
Y
a

X
 Example: Composite section
Y X
A1 X 1  A2 X 2
Y A1Y1  A2Y2
A1  A2 Y
A1  A2
a  0.22a
a Ra

4 2R
a  3
a

X 2 X
A1  a 2
A2  a / 4
X1  a / 2 X 2  a  4 R / 3
Y1  a / 2 Y2  a  4 R / 3
 SYMMETRY
Axis of symmetry:
If figure is folded about one of the axis, every point on one
side will coincide with a corresponding point on the other.
Point of Symmetry:
Some plane figures may be symmetrical about a point.
There is one point in the figure which is mid point of every
conceivable diameter.
 Question
●
Is there symmetry in the semi-circle?
●
Can you locate the centroid?
 Question
●
Two identical L-shapes are joined
●
Is there symmetry?
●
Can you locate the centroid?
 Question
●
Is there symmetry in a rectangle?
●
Can you locate the centroid?
 Question
●
Is there symmetry in equilateral triangle?
●
Can you locate the centroid?
●
Is there point of symmetry?
 Summary: SYMMETRY
•
The first moment of an area with respect to a line of
symmetry is zero.
•
If an area possesses a line of symmetry, its centroid lies on
that axis
•
If an area possesses two lines of symmetry, its centroid lies
at their intersection.
 Example
A uniform semicircular
rod of radius r is
supported in a bearing at
its upper end and is free
to swing in the vertical
plane. Calculate the
angle θ made by the
diameter with the vertical
for the equilibrium
position.
 Pappu’s Theorem

dA  2y  dl
yL   ydl

A   2y  dl
A  2 y  L
y
 ydl

 dl
 Example
•
Find the area of the surface generated by rotating the lines
AB about X axis, given AB=BC=a

A a
B
a

C
X
 Example
•
Find the area of the surface generated by rotating the lines
OA, AB and BC about X axis, given OA=AB=BC=a

A a
B
a

O X
C
 Pappu’s Theorem

dV  2y  dA
y A   ydA

V   2y  dA
V  2 y  A
y
 ydA

 dA
 Example
•
Find the volume of the solid generated by rotating the areas
ABCD about X axis, given OA=AB=BC=CO=a

a
A B

O C X
 Example
•
Find the volume of the solid generated by rotating the
quarter-circle area about Y axis.
 Example
•
Find the area of the surface generated by rotating the
quarter-circle arc AC about X axis. Please neglect the
surface generated by AB and BC.
Y
a
A B

O C X
 Example
•
Find the volume of the solid generated by rotating the
shaded area about X axis.
A  A1  A2
Y A1Y1  A2Y2
Y
a A1  A2

A B
V  2AY

O C X
 Example: Composite section
Y Y
A1Y 1  A2 Y2 Y
A1  A2
a a Ra

4 2R
a  3
a

X 2 X
A1  a 2 A2  a / 4
Y1  a / 2 Y2  a  4 R / 3
V  2A1Y1  2A2 Y2