VOCABULARY

IMPROVEME
NT
VOCABULARY IMPROVEMENT –
SET 7 the word that corresponds in the
Choose
meaning to the underlined word in the
sentence.
1. Being a renowned person, he doesn’t
need to give his name to the guards. All
of the people in the community know
his name.
a. kind
b. famous
c. friendly
d. wealthy
2. The stone glitters like a star but it is not
comparable to a real diamond; it is a
quasi -diamond.
a. costly
b. cheap
c. genuine
d. almost
3. Do you envisage yourself wearing the
most expensive diamond ring on earth?
a. imagine
b. justify
c. present
d. prove
4. Befriend all people around you but shun
relating yourself closely with rumor
mongers.
a. help
b. avoid
c. expect
d. hesitate
5. Neglecting to consult me about the list of
names, your purposive erasure of my
name in the list needs immediate
explanation from you.
a. forceful
b. intentional
c. accidental
d. careful
6. You must be in a good mental condition
to be able to conceive the things you
want to do as soon as possible.
a. share ideas
b. form ideas
c. explain well
d. write well
7. My vision of Pope Francis, whom I
haven’t personally met yet, reminds me
of one story I read about St. Francis of
Assisi.
a. wishful attitude
b. comic strip
c. mental picture
d. scary dream
8. Lacking of Vitamin C, you are prone to
colds and other respiratory diseases.
a. susceptible
b. near
c. submitted
d. similar
9. Studying hard will ensure you good
grades.
a. show
b. assure
c. give
d. record
 Objective
1. List research hypothesis
HYPOTHESIS
• It comes from the Greek words 𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒐 which
means 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 and 𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒂𝒊 which means 𝑡𝑜
𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒. Thus, it is defined as a proposition
under examination, which cannot be accepted
as true unless proven and tested statistically.
• A tentative solution to the problems of today
because it needs further testing and series of
experimentation before it can be accepted as
the true solution in a research problem.
HYPOTHESIS
• Hypotheses always pertain to population
parameters or characteristics rather than to
sample characteristics. It is the population, not
the sample that we want to make an inference
about from limited data.
TYPES OF
NULL HYPOTHESIS
• read as H NAUGHT; naught is an old –
fashioned word for zero. This expresses the
idea of no existence of relationship or
difference between the variables under study.
It implies neutrality and objectivity.
• It is STATED NEGATIVELY on the facts that
one wish to achieve at the end of the research
endeavor. It is a statement that OPPOSES
THE PERCEIVED CON-CLUSION in the
research undertaking.
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
• also called as RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
because it supports the idea that a researcher
wish to conclude at the end of the research
task. This is the opposite of the null
hypothesis. It states the existence of difference
or relationship.
EXAMPLES:
Conclusion 1:
The average income of Filipino workers
is Php 345 per day.

– The average income of Filipino workers is not

equal to Php 345 per day.
– The average income of Filipino workers is Php
345 per day.
EXAMPLES:
Conclusion 2:
The difference between the mathematical achievement
of Technology students and Hotel and Industry
Management students.

– There is no significant difference between the

mathematical achievement of Technology
students and Hotel and Industry Management
students.
– There is a significant difference between the
mathematical achievement of Technology
EXAMPLES:
Conclusion 3:
The relationship of the attitude of the students toward
their subjects and their performance rating at the end
of the semester.

– There is no significant relationship between the

attitude of the students toward their subjects and
their performance rating at the end of the
semester.
– There is a significant relationship between the
attitude of the students toward their subjects and
EXAMPLES:
Conclusion 4:
Music therapy improves the condition of cancer
patients.

– Music therapy worsens the condition of cancer

patients.
– Music therapy greatly improves the condition
of cancer patients.
EXERCISES
TRY THIS!
Write the null and alternative hypothesis of the
following statements.
1. The effect of computer aided instructions on
student’s performance
2. The effect of lifestyles and eating habits in
man’s health condition.
3. Students’ perception of the teacher greatly
affects his performance in Mathematics.
TRY THIS!
Write the null and alternative hypothesis of the
following statements.
4. The relationship between transformational
leadership behavior skills and total quality
management practices.
5. Traditional classroom teaching is better than
the modern classroom teaching.
6. Students in the morning classes performed
better than the students in the evening classes.
TRY THIS!
Write the null and alternative hypothesis of the
following statements.
7. Metabolism decreases with age.
8. Absentee parenting deposited a positive effect
to children left behind.
9. Cyber addiction affects students’
performance.
10.The competency of nurses from government
hospitals and private hospitals is different.
ONE-TAILED HYPOTHESIS
• The ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS is stated
ONE DIRECTIONAL. In one directional
statement of the alternative hypothesis, only
one meaning can be interpreted from it.
• Since the test is one – tailed, the area occupied
by the range in the tabular value lies in one
end of the curve.
ONE-TAILED HYPOTHESIS
Example:
– The average income of Filipino workers is not
equal to Php 345 per day.
– The average income of Filipino workers is Php
345 per day.

For example number 1, the test to be used is

one – tailed because the alternative hypothesis is
stated one directional. Equal to Php 345 has only
one meaning.
ONE-TAILED HYPOTHESIS
Example:
– The traditional method of teaching is more
effective than the modern method of
teaching.
– The modern method of teaching is more
effective than the traditional method of
teaching.

For example number 2, no other meaning

could be interpreted from it
ONE-TAILED HYPOTHESIS
IMPLICATION:
In one – tailed test the area of rejection and
acceptance is found on one end of the curve. As
in the figure illustrated in the next slide. Area
from 0 – 1.64 represents the tabular value at 0.05
level of significance. This is also the area of
accepting the null hypothesis. The area greater
than the tabular value is the rejection region.
Since one – tailed test is used, the area
representing the acceptance and rejection region
both lie on one end of the normal curve.
ONE-TAILED HYPOTHESIS

𝟏.𝟔𝟒
TWO-TAILED HYPOTHESIS
• The ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS is stated
non directional.
• NON – DIRECTIONAL means that two or
more ideas could be interpreted from the way
how the alternative hypothesis is stated.
TWO-TAILED HYPOTHESIS
Example:
– There is no significant difference in the reading
readiness of Grade 1 and Grade 2 pupils.
– There is a significant difference in the reading
readiness of Grade 1 and Grade 2 pupils.

The above alternative hypothesis is stated non –

directional. Significant difference in the reading
readiness can be interpreted that the grade 1 pupils
showed a more advance reading readiness than the grade
2 pupils or the other way around. Two meanings can be
interpreted from the alternative hypothesis.
TWO-TAILED HYPOTHESIS
Example:
– Educational attainment has no effect on
leadership styles of business managers.
– Educational attainment has effect on leadership
styles of business managers.

For example number 2, Educational

attainment affects leadership styles of business
managers posted double meaning. It can be
interpreted as either positive or negative effect.
TWO-TAILED HYPOTHESIS
IMPLICATION:
For two – tailed test, the area of acceptance
and rejection both lie on the two ends of the
curve. The area from 0-±1.64 is the accepting
region. Area beyond the acceptance region found
on both ends are the rejection region.
TWO-TAILED HYPOTHESIS

−𝟏.𝟔𝟒 𝟏.𝟔𝟒
# Research Topics
1 Challenges and Opportunities in Nurturing a Chosen Vocation
2 Motivational Variables in the Second Language Acquisition
3 Emerging Cultural Identity of the Students
4 Influence of Technology on Students Learning
5 Factors affecting academic performance of students
6 Coping mechanisms of students in a new learning environment
7 Factors affecting students’ career choice
8 Challenges of teachers on the cultural diversity of students
9 Factors Affecting Teachers’ Instructional Decisions in A Class
10 SHS Program Implementation at SCSA