Bio Ch09 PowerPoint

9
9 Nutrition and gas exchange in plants

Nutrition and gas
exchange in plants
Think about…
9.1 Nutrition in plants
9.2 Gas exchange in plants
Recall Think about…
Concept map
2
Giant leaves vs mini leaves
leaf of Gunnera
( 大葉草 )
up to 3 m long!
3
leaf of Wolffia
( 微萍 )
smaller than
the head of a
pin!
4
Leaves are generally flat and thin,

and have the same basic functions
5
Why are leaves usually flat and

thin?
6
What are the functions of leaves?
7
9 Nutrition and gas exchange in plants 9.1 Nutrition in plants

Animals obtain food from the surroundings.
8
How about plants?
9
A Plants as autotrophs
Plants make their own food by

photosynthesis ( 光合作用 )
10
photosynthesis
CO2 (from air)

light energy
+ carbohydrates + oxygen
water (from soil) chlorophyll
11
photosynthesis
CO2 (from air)

light energy
+ carbohydrates + oxygen
water (from soil) chlorophyll proteins
intermediates
lipids
minerals used to produce
(from useful substances
soil)
12
CO2 (from air)

carbohydrates
water (from soil) proteins
minerals lipids
(from
soil) organic
inorganic
13
autotroph ( 自養生物 )
carries out autotrophic
nutrition ( 自養營養 )
14
Importance of plants as autotrophs
eaten by depend on plants

cows directly
15
eaten by eaten by
cows humans
depend on plants
directly or indirectly
16
Plants
• producers
( 生產者 ) in
the ecosystem
• serve as basic
food source
17
B Importance of minerals
to plants
major elements
( 大量元素 )
elements in
mineral ions
trace elements
( 微量元素 )
18
major elements
( 大量元素
• required in relatively large )
amounts
• e.g. nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,
magnesium, sulphur and calcium
19
trace elements
( 微量元素 )
• required in very small amounts

• e.g. boron, copper and zinc
20
major trace
elements elements
Each element
serves particular
functions in plants
21
major trace
elements elements
insufficient deficiency
supply diseases
22
Deficiency diseases in plants

Nitrogen (N)
Forms in soil absorbed by
plants:
• nitrate ions (NO3−)
• ammonium ions (NH4+)
23

Nitrogen (N)
Main functions:
synthesis of amino acids,
proteins, nucleic acids and
chlorophyll
24

Nitrogen (N)
Deficiency symptoms:
• poor growth
• chlorosis ( 萎黃病 )
yellowing of the
leaves
25

Phosphorus (P)
Form in soil absorbed by
plants:
phosphate ions (PO43−)
26

Phosphorus (P)
Main functions:
• synthesis of cell
membranes, ATP and
nucleic acids
• required in some
enzymatic reactions
27

Phosphorus (P)
• poor growth
• leaves turn purple
• roots poorly developed
28

Potassium (K)
plants:
potassium ions (K+)
29

Potassium (K)
Main functions:
• promotes
photosynthesis and
transport in plants
• required in some
enzymatic reactions
30

Potassium (K)
• poor growth
• blackened leaf edges
31

Magnesium (Mg)
plants:
magnesium ions (Mg2+)
32

Magnesium (Mg)
Main functions:
• synthesis of
chlorophyll
magnesium forms part
of the chlorophyll
molecules
33

Magnesium (Mg)
• poor growth
• chlorosis
34
9.1
Investigation of the effects of different
minerals on plant growth
Procedure
1 A
complete nutrient solution

contains all the essential
minerals
35
9.1
1
B nitrogen-deficient
nutrient solution
C
E
D
B
C phosphorus-deficient
nutrient solution
D potassium-deficient
nutrient solution
E magnesium-deficient
nutrient solution
36
9.1
2 three seedlings
aluminium foil
to stop light from entering
the flask so as to prevent
algal growth
37
9.1
2
air (to supply
roots with oxygen)
cotton wool
38
9.1
3 Observe the appearance of

the seedlings.
39
9.1
3 Put the flasks in bright light.
refill with fresh

nutrient solutions
every three days
40
9.1
3 After two weeks…

any changes in the
appearance of the
seedlings?
41
9.1
Results and discussion
The seedlings in flask A grow healthily
while those in flasks B to E grow poorly.
Deficiency of an essential mineral

will lead to poor growth in seedlings.
42
1 Plants are autotrophs .

They make their own food by
photosynthesis .
43
2 They serve as the basic food

source for other organisms.
44
3 Major element: Nitrogen

Main • For the synthesis of amino
function acids, proteins, nucleic acids
and chlorophyll
Deficiency • Poor growth
symptom • Yellow leaves (chlorosis)
45
3 Major element: Phosphorus

Main • For the synthesis of cell
function membranes, ATP and
nucleic acids
• Required in some enzymatic
reactions
46
3 Major element: Phosphorus

symptom • Leaves turn purple
• Roots poorly developed
47
3 Major element: Potassium

Main • Promotes photosynthesis
function and transport in plants
• Required in some enzymatic
reactions
symptom • Blackened leaf edges
48
3 Major element: Magnesium

Main • For the synthesis of
function chlorophyll
symptom • Yellow leaves (chlorosis)
49
9 Nutrition and gas exchange in plants 9.2 Gas exchange in plants

CO2 O2
photosynthesis respiration
O2 CO2
exchange gases with surrounding air

50

Leaves:
main site of
gas exchange
51
A Structure of a leaf
Animation 9.1
cuticle ( 角質
層
• )thin waxy layer
• prevent excessive
water loss
52
upper epidermis
( 上表皮 )
• protects the inner
layer of cells
• no chloroplasts
(except guard cells)
lower epidermis
( 下表皮 )
53
stoma ( 氣
孔 ) in the
• tiny pore
epidermis
• allows gases to
diffuse into and
out of the leaf
54
guard cells ( 保衞細

胞 )
• control the
opening and
closing of the
stoma
• have chloroplasts
55
palisade mesophyll
( 柵狀葉肉 )
• closely packed
cylindrical cells
• narrow air spaces
• cells contain many
chloroplasts
56
spongy mesophyll
( 海綿葉肉 )
• loosely packed
irregular cells
• large air spaces
• cells contain fewer
chloroplasts
57
xylem ( 木質
部)
phloem ( 韌皮
部)
vascular bundle
( 維管束 )
58
xylem ( 木質
部)
• transports water
and minerals
59
phloem ( 韌皮
部)
• transports organic
nutrients
(mainly sugars)
60
B Gas exchange in leaves

of terrestrial plants
Gases IN
1 Gases from the
environment diffuse
into the air space
through the stoma.
61

Gases IN
2 Gases dissolve in
the water film on the
surfaces of mesophyll
cells and then diffuse
into the cells.
62

Gases IN
3 Gases in these cells
diffuse to the
neighbouring cells.
63

Gases OUT
1 Gases produced by the
cells diffuse to the
neighbouring cells
towards the air space.
64

Gases OUT
2 Gases diffuse to the
water film on the
surface of mesophyll
cells.
65

Gases OUT
3 Gases diffuse into the
air space and diffuse
out through the stoma.
66
Structural adaptation of leaves

for gas exchange
1 The whole leaf
• broad and flat
• large number of
leaves in a plant
provide a large surface
area for diffusion of gases
67
Structural adaptation of leaves

for gas exchange
1 The whole leaf
• thin
shortens the
distance of
diffusion of gases
68
2 The internal structure of the leaf
• loosely packed
spongy mesophyll
cells
provide a large
surface area for
diffusion of gases
69
• numerous air spaces

among spongy
mesophyll cells
allow gases to diffuse
freely
70
• water film on the surfaces

of mesophyll cells
allows gases to dissolve
and then diffuse into or
out of the cells
71
• stomata in
the epidermis
allow gases to
move into and
out of leaves
freely
72
• guard cells
control the
opening and
closing of stomata
 regulate the
rate of gas
exchange
73
C Gas exchange in leaves

of aquatic plants
1 Submerged plants
Hydrilla seagrass
74

of aquatic plants
1 Submerged plants
Hydrilla
no cuticle seagrass
gas exchange
can take place
over the leaf
surface
75

of aquatic plants
2 Floating plants water lily
76

of aquatic plants
2 Floating plants
stomata in the
upper epidermis
only
gas exchange takes
place mainly
through stomata
77
D Gas exchange in stems

Herbaceous
plants
stoma in the stem
78

Woody covered by a
plants thick layer of
cork ( 木栓 ):
impermeable
to gases
gas exchange
through lenticel
( 皮孔 )
79

Woody
plants gas exchange
lenticel
cork
80
E Gas exchange in roots

• roots are not covered
by cuticle
81
E Gas exchange in roots

• roots are not covered
by cuticle
gas exchange can
take place all over O2
their surfaces
CO2
82
1 In terrestrial plants, gas exchange

takes place through:
• stomata on leaves and
herbaceous stems,
• on woody stems,
lenticels
• of roots.
surface
83
1 In submerged leaves, there are

no cuticleand stomata.
Gas exchange takes place over
the leaf surface .
84
1 In floating leaves, there are

stomata in the upperepidermis
only. Gas exchange takes place
through these stomata.
85
2 Adaptation of leaves: whole leaf
Feature Adaptation
• Broad and flat Provide a large
• Numerous for gas
surface area
leaves in a plant exchange
86
2 Adaptation of leaves: whole leaf
Feature Adaptation
Thin Shortens the
diffusion
distance of gases
87
2 Adaptation of leaves: internal structure

Feature Adaptation
Spongy mesophyll Provide a large
cells are for gas
surface area
loosely packed exchange
88

Feature Adaptation
Numerous air Allow gases to
among the
spaces diffuse freely
spongy mesophyll
cells
89

Feature Adaptation
There is a water Allows gases to
filmon the surfaces and then
dissolve
of the mesophyll diffuse into or out
cells of the cells
90

Feature Adaptation
There are stomata Allow gases to
in the epidermis move into and out
of the leaves freely
91

Feature Adaptation
There are Regulate the rate
guard cells of gas exchange
surrounding the by controlling the
stomata opening and
closing of stomata
92
F Effect of light intensity

on gas exchange in plants
Respiration (in all organisms)
food energy
O2 CO2
water
Animation 9.2
93

food energy
O2 for
CObody
2
activities
water
94

food energy
O2 CO2
takes place
water
all the time
95

Photosynthesis (in plants)
food light energy

O2 CO2
water
96

Photosynthesis (in plants)
food light energy

O2 CO2
takes place
only in the water
presence
of light 97

constant rate
Respiration
O2 CO2
Photosynthesis
rate varies with
light intensity
98

Net uptake and release of gases

depend on the relative rates of
photosynthesis and respiration
99
In the daytime
CO2 O2
photosynthesis
rate of photosynthesis > rate of respiration
respiration
CO2 O2
100
In the daytime
NET NET
uptake release
of CO2 of O2
rate of photosynthesis > rate of respiration
101
At night
photosynthesis
only respiration occurs
respiration
CO2 O2
102
At night
NET NET
release uptake
of CO2
of O2
only respiration occurs
103
Effect of light intensity on CO2 exchange

Complete darkness
respiration only CO2
net release net uptake
O2
of CO2 of CO2
A
light intensity
104

Light intensity
slowly increases CO2
O2
of CO2
rate of photosynthesis
< rate of respiration
of CO2
A
light intensity
105

Light intensity at
a certain level no NET
exchange
of CO2
rate of photosynthesis
of gases
= rate of respiration
B
compensation point
of CO2
A ( 補償點 )
light intensity
106

C
of CO2
B Light intensity
further increases CO2
of CO2
A rate of photosynthesis O2
> rate of respiration light intensity
107

C D
of CO2
Net uptake of CO2

B reaches a maximum
∵ another factor limits
of CO2
the rate of photosynthesis

A
light intensity
108
9.2
Practical 9.2
Investigation of the effect of light

intensity on gas exchange in plants
using hydrogencarbonate indicator
Procedure
1 Set up the boiling tubes as shown on the
next slide.
109
9.2
1
freshly-picked leaf of similar size
10 cm3 hydrogen- muslin aluminium

carbonate indicator foil
A B C D
110
9.2
1
bright light
A B C D
111
9.2
2 Leave the set-up for about 5 hours.
Any colour change?
A B C D
112
9.2
Tube Observation
Tube A The hydrogencarbonate indicator
(control) remains red
113
9.2
Tube Observation
Tube B The hydrogencarbonate indicator
changes from red to purple
 Decrease in CO2 content in
the tube
114
9.2
Tube Observation
Interpretation
Tube B Under
The bright light:
hydrogencarbonate indicator
changes
Rate from
of red toRate purple
of
>
photosynthesis
 Decrease in CO respiration
2 content in
 Net uptake of CO2
the tube
115
9.2
Tube Observation
Tube C The hydrogencarbonate indicator
remains red
 No significant change in the
CO2 content in the tube
116
9.2
Tube Observation
Interpretation
Tube C Under
The dim light:
hydrogencarbonate indicator
remains
Ratered
of Rate of
~
photosynthesis respiration
 No significant change in the
 No net uptake or release of
CO
CO2 2 content in the tube
117
9.2
Tube Observation
Tube D The hydrogencarbonate indicator
changes from red to yellow
 Increase in the CO2 content
in the tube
118
9.2
Tube Observation
Interpretation
Tube D Only respiration occurs indicator
The hydrogencarbonate
in the dark
changes from red to yellow
 Net release of CO2
 Increase in the CO2 content
in the tube
119
9.3
Practical 9.3
Design an investigation of the effect

of light intensity on gas exchange in
plants using a data logger
Task
Design and carry out an investigation to study
the effect of light intensity on gas exchange in
a plant using a data logger ( 數據收集儀 ).
Write a full report of your investigation.
120
9.3
data logger with carbon
Task
dioxide or oxygen sensor
data collected signal to

from data logger tablet
computer
121
Light intensity: No light

Relative rates of Net gas exchange
photosynthesis and
respiration
Only respiration • Net uptake of O2

takes place • Net release of CO2
122
Light intensity: Low light intensity

photosynthesis and
respiration
Rate of • Net uptake of O2

photosynthesis is • Net release of CO2
lowerthan rate of
respiration
123
Light intensity: At compensation point

photosynthesis and
respiration
Rate of No net gas exchange

photosynthesis
equals rate of
respiration
124
Light intensity: High light intensity

photosynthesis and
respiration
Rate of • Net uptake of CO2

photosynthesis is • Net release of O2
higher than rate of
respiration
125
The graph below shows the exchange of carbon

dioxide of a plant on a particular day.
6
rate of CO2 uptake
4
area A
(mg h–1)
2
0
area B area B
–2
time of the day
2400 0600 1200 (hour) 2400
1800
126
a During which period did the plant carry out

the processes below?
i Photosynthesis (1 mark)
6
rate of CO2 uptake
4
area A
(mg h–1)
2
0
area B area B
–2
time of the day
2400 0600 1200 (hour) 2400
1800
127
Suggested answer
a i 0600–2000 (1)
Photosynthesis also occurred during

0600–0700 and 1900–2000 though
its rate was lower than the rate of
respiration.
128
a During which period did the plant carry out

the processes below?
ii Respiration (1 mark)
6
rate of CO2 uptake
4
area A
(mg h–1)
2
0
area B area B
–2
time of the day
2400 0600 1200 (hour) 2400
1800
129
Suggested answer
a ii All the time (1)
130
b When was there no net exchange of gases

between the plant and the atmosphere?
(2 marks)
6
rate of CO2 uptake
4
area A
(mg h–1)
2
0
area B area B
–2
time of the day
2400 0600 1200 (hour) 2400
1800
131
Suggested answer
b 0700 and 1900 (2)
132
c Calculate the highest rate of photosynthesis of

the plant in terms of the rate of carbon dioxide
uptake. Show your workings. (2 marks)
6
rate of CO2 uptake
4
area A
(mg h–1)
2
0
area B area B
–2
time of the day
2400 0600 1200 (hour) 2400
1800
133
Suggested answer
c Highest rate of photosynthesis
= (6 + 2) mg h−1 (1)
= 8 mg h−1 (1)
134
Calculating the rate of photosynthesis

6
4 Uptake of CO2 by
uptake (mg h–1)
plant is affected by
rate of CO2
2 respiration and
photosynthesis
0
–2
time of the day (hour)
2400 0600 1200 1800 2400
135

6
4
uptake (mg h–1)
rate of CO2
–2 ONLY respiration takes

place in thetime
darkof the day (hour)
2400 0600 1200 1800 2400

136

6
4
uptake (mg h–1)
rate of CO2
2 Assumption:
rate of respiration is
0 constant throughout the day
–2 Rate of respiration =
–2 mg h–1 time of the day (hour)
2400 0600 1200 1800 2400

137

6
4 Maximum rate of photosynthesis

uptake (mg h–1)
rate of CO2
= 6 + 2 mg h–1
2
0 CO2 released by respiration should

also be taken into account
–2
2400 0600 1200 1800 2400
138

6
4 Maximum rate of photosynthesis

uptake (mg h–1)
rate of CO2
= 6 + 2 mg h–1
2
= 8 mg h–1
0
–2 Don’t forget the unit!

2400 0600 1200 1800 2400
139
The graph below shows the rate of oxygen uptake

of a plant on one day.
4
rate of oxygen uptake
2 time of the
(arbitrary unit)
day (hour)
0
4 8 12 16 20 24
–2
–4
140
What is the rate of photosynthesis of the plant at

12 hour in terms of the rate of oxygen uptake?
(2 marks)
4
rate of oxygen uptake
2 time of the
(arbitrary unit)
day (hour)
0
4 8 12 16 20 24
–2
–4
141
What is the rate of photosynthesis of the plant at

12 hour in terms of the rate of oxygen uptake?
(2 marks)
Rate of photosynthesis at 12 hour

= 4 + 4 units (1)
= 8 units (1)
142
d In the graph below, area A is usually larger than

area B for a healthy plant. Why? (4
marks)
6
rate of CO2 uptake
4
area A
(mg h–1)
2
0
area B area B
–2
time of the day
2400 0600 1200 (hour) 2400
1800
143
Suggested answer
d Area A represents the amount of food produced
by photosynthesis of the plant. (1)
Area B represents the amount of food consumed
by respiration. (1)
144
Suggested answer
d For a healthy plant, the amount of food
production should be greater than that of food
consumption so that there is a net gain in food
production (1)
for providing energy for different activities of the
plant. (1)
145
1 Why are leaves usually flat and thin?

Being flat and thin can provide a large
surface area for gas exchange and
absorbing sunlight. This also allows gases
and sunlight to reach leaf cells easily.
146
2 What are the functions of leaves?

Leaves serve many functions in plants.
For example, they carry out
photosynthesis to make food, and undergo
gas exchange to obtain carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis and oxygen for
respiration.
147
Plants
are
autotrophs
make
food
by
photosynthesis
148
Plants
need to absorb
minerals water
from
soil
149
minerals
including essential
elements such as
nitrogen potassium
phosphorus magnesium
150
exchange
Plants gases
in terrestrial plants,
occurs through
stomata lenticels root

present on present on surface
leaves and woody
herbaceous stems
stems
151

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9

9 Nutrition and gas exchange in plants

Giant leaves vs mini leaves

Giant leaves vs mini leaves

Giant leaves vs mini leaves

Leaves are generally flat and thin,

Why are leaves usually flat and

What are the functions of leaves?

9.1 Nutrition in plants

9.1 Nutrition in plants

How about plants?

Plants make their own food by

CO2 (from air)

CO2 (from air)

CO2 (from air)

Importance of plants as autotrophs

eaten by depend on plants

Importance of plants as autotrophs

Importance of plants as autotrophs

• required in very small amounts

Deficiency diseases in plants

Deficiency diseases in plants

Deficiency diseases in plants

Deficiency diseases in plants

Deficiency diseases in plants

Deficiency diseases in plants

Deficiency diseases in plants

Deficiency diseases in plants

Deficiency diseases in plants

Deficiency diseases in plants

Deficiency diseases in plants

Deficiency diseases in plants

complete nutrient solution

3 Observe the appearance of

3 Put the flasks in bright light.

refill with fresh

3 After two weeks…

Deficiency of an essential mineral

1 Plants are autotrophs .

2 They serve as the basic food

3 Major element: Nitrogen

3 Major element: Phosphorus

3 Major element: Phosphorus

3 Major element: Potassium

3 Major element: Magnesium

9.2 Gas exchange in plants

exchange gases with surrounding air

9.2 Gas exchange in plants

guard cells ( 保衞細

B Gas exchange in leaves

B Gas exchange in leaves

B Gas exchange in leaves

B Gas exchange in leaves

B Gas exchange in leaves

B Gas exchange in leaves

Structural adaptation of leaves

Structural adaptation of leaves

2 The internal structure of the leaf

2 The internal structure of the leaf

• numerous air spaces

2 The internal structure of the leaf

• water film on the surfaces

2 The internal structure of the leaf