The Constitution of India

Created by:
Gaurav Kathuria,
AAO, Chandigarh
 Preamble

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute

India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens:

JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual
and the unity and integrity of the Nation;

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty sixth day of November,

1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS
CONSTITUTION.
 Introduction

The world's lengthiest written constitution had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8
schedules at the time of commencement. Now the Constitution of India has
448 articles in 25 parts and 12 schedules.

There are 104 amendments (104th took place on 25th January 2020 to
extend the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and states
assemblies) that have been made in the Indian constitution so far.

The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Fourth Amendment)

Bill, 2019 was introduced in Lok Sabha by the Minister of Social Justice and
Empowerment, Mr. Thaawar Chand Gehlot on January 8, 2019. The Bill seeks to
provide for the advancement of “economically weaker sections” of
citizens.
Division of Powers in Indian Democracy

Indian State (headed by President)

Executive Legislature Judiciary

Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha

Elected Elected in
Representatives Representatives in States

People of India
 Part I to XXII of
The Constitution of India
 Part Contains Articles
Part I Union and its Territory 1 to 4
Part II Citizenship 5 to 11
Part III Fundamental Rights 12 to 35
Part IV Directive Principles of State Policy 36 to 51
Part IVA Fundamental Duties 51A
Part V The Union 52 to 151
Part VI The States 152 to 237
Part VII Repealed  
Part VIII The Union Territories 239 to 242
Part IX The Panchayats 243 to 243O
Part IXA The Municipalities 243P to 243ZG
Part IXB The Co-operative Societies 243ZH to 243ZT
Part X The scheduled and Tribal Areas 244 to 244A
Part XI Relations between the Union and the States 245 to 263
 Part Contains Articles
Part XII Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits 264 to 300A
Part XIII Trade and Commerce within the territory of India 301 to 307
Part XIV Services Under the Union, the States 308 to 323
Part XIVA Tribunals 323A to 323B
Part XV Elections 324 to 329A
Part XVI Special Provisions Relating to certain Classes 330 to 342
Part XVII Languages 343 to 351
Part XVIII Emergency Provisions 352 to 360
Part XIX Miscellaneous 361 to 367
Part XX Amendment of the Constitution 368
Part XXI Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions 369 to 392
Part XXII Short title, date of commencement, etc. 393 to 395
 Part I - The Union and Its Territory

1. Name and territory of the Union.

2. Admission or establishment of new States.
2A. [Omitted.]
3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas,
boundaries or names of existing States.
4. Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the
amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules
and supplemental, incidental and consequential
matters.
Part V – The Union Part VI- States

Chapter– The Executive Chapter – The Executive

Article Article

52 The President of India 153 Governors of States

53 Executive Power of Union 154 Executive power of State
54 Election of President 155 Appointment of Governor
55 Manner of election of President.
56 Term of office of President 156 Term of office of Governor
58 Qualifications for election as President 157 Qualifications for appointment as
Governor
59 Conditions of President’s office 158 Conditions of Governor’s office
60 Oath or affirmation by the President 159 Oath or affirmation by the Governor
61 Procedure for impeachment of the
President
72 Power of President to grant pardons, 161 Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc.,
etc.,
73 Extent of executive power of the Union 162 Extent of executive power of State
Part V – The Union Part VI- States

Chapter – The Executive Chapter – The Executive

Article Article

74 Council of Ministers to aid and advise 163 Council of Ministers to aid and advise
President Governor

76 Attorney-General for India. 165 Advocate-General for the State.

77 Conduct of business of the Government 166 Conduct of business of the Government

of India of a State.
78 Duties of Prime Minister as respects the 167 Duties of Chief Minister as respects the
furnishing of information to the furnishing of information to Governor,
President, etc. etc
Part V – The Union Part VI- States

Chapter – The Parliament Chapter– The State Legislature

Art.. Article

79 Constitution of Parliament 168 Constitution of Legislatures in States

169 Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils
in States
80 Composition of the Rajya Sabha 170 Composition of the Legislative Assemblies
81 Composition of the Lok Sabha 171 Composition of the Legislative Councils
84 Qualification for membership of 173 Qualification for membership of the State
Parliament Legislature
85 Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and 174 Sessions of the State Legislature,
dissolution prorogation and dissolution
92 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of
the Council of States
93 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the 178 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the
House of the People Legislative Assembly
94 Vacation and resignation of, and removal 179 Vacation and resignation of, and removal
from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy
Speaker. Speaker
Part V – The Union Part VI- States

Chapter III – The Parliament Chapter III – The State Legislature

Art.. Article

99 Oath or affirmation by members 188 Oath or affirmation by members

101 Vacation of seats 190 Vacation of seats

102 Disqualifications for membership 191 Disqualifications for membership

105 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of 194 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of
Parliament and of the members Legislature and of the members
106 Salaries and allowances of members 195 Salaries and allowances of members
Part V – The Union Part VI- States
Chapter– The Parliament Chapter– The State Legislature
Art.. Art.

107 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills

108 Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases
109 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills
110 Definition of “Money Bills”.
111 Assent to Bills
201 Bills reserved for Consideration
112 Annual financial statement
113 Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates
114 Appropriation Bills
115 Supplementary, additional or excess grants
116 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional
grants
117 Special provisions as to financial Bills
 Ordinary Bill

Article 107
An ordinary bill may originate in either house of the parliament
A bill needs passed by simple majority in both houses of the parliament.

Article 108- A joint session of both houses can be summoned by the President
when after a bill is passed by one House and transmitted to the other House – 
The other House rejects this bill, or
The Houses do not agree on the amendments made to the bill, or
More than six months elapse with the bill being received by the other House
without it being passed.
Then, the President can summon a joint sitting unless the bill had elapsed because
of the Lok Sabha’s dissolution.

Exceptions to Art 108 – Article 108 not applicable to Constitutional Amendment

Bill and Money Bill
 Money Bill
Definition under Art 110 - a Bill shall be deemed to be a Money Bill if it
contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters, namely

S.no. Provisions for Money Bill in India

1 The imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax
2 The regulation of the borrowing of money by the Union government
3 The custody of the Consolidated Fund of India or the contingency fund of India,
the payment of money into or the withdrawal of money from any such fund

4 The appropriation of money out of the Consolidated Fund of India

5 Declaration of any expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India or
increasing the amount of any such expenditure
6 The receipt of money on account of the Consolidated Fund of India or the public
account of India or the custody or issue of such money, or the audit of the accounts
of the Union or of a state
7 Any matter incidental to any of the matters specified above
 Money Bill
Other Provisions

S.no. Provisions for Money Bill in India

1110(3) If any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the
decision of the Speaker of the House of the People thereon shall
be final.
109(1) A Money Bill shall not be introduced in the Council of States.
109(2) After a Money Bill has been passed by the Lok Sabha it shall be
transmitted to the Rajya Sabha for its recommendations and it
shall within a period of 14 days return the Bill to the Lok Sabah
with its recommendations and the Lok Sabha may thereupon
either accept or reject recommendations of Rajya Sabha
 Money Bill vs Financial Bill
Difference Money Bill Financial Bill
Article Article 110 •Article 117 (I)
•Article 117 (II)
Meaning Exclusively deals with matters Deals with the provisions of
prescribed under Article 110 revenue and expenditure
Form Government Bill Ordinary Bill
Introduced In Lok Sabha Only Bills under Article 117 (1) - Lok
Sabha only
Bills under Article 117 (3) - any
houses.
President’s Required Required
Prior Aprval
Speaker’s Yes No
Certification
Rajya Sabha’s No Role Same role as that of Lok Sabha
Role
Joint Sitting No Provision Yes, if any deadlock
 Budget

1 Presentation of budget
2 General discussion
3 Scrutiny by departmental committees

4 Voting on demands of grants (Cut Motions – Policy

/ Economy / Token)
5 Passing of the appropriation bill
6 Passing of finance bill
 Different types of Majorities

Art..

Simple >50% of the present and voting – ordinary/money/financial bill, no

Majority confidence motion, etc.
Absolute >50% of the strength of the house- eg: After General elections, for
Mojority formation of Govt at Center and states.
Effective >50% of the current strength of the house. Eg: removal of Speaker
Majority
Special 4 Types of Special Majority
Majority 1. 2/3rd of present and voting – eg: Art 249
2. 2/3rd of present and voting + Absolute Majority – eg: Art 368
(w/o affecting federalism), SC/HC judge removal, removing
CAG, CEC, National Emergency
3. 2/3rd of present and voting + Absolute + >50% states ratification
4. 2/3rd of strength of house – Eg: Art 61
 Part V – The Union Part VI- States
Chapter– Legislative Power of Prez Chap.– Legislative Power of Governer
Art.. Art.

123 Power of President to promulgate 213 Power of Governor to promulgate

Ordinances during recess of Parliament Ordinances during recess of Legislature

Chapter– Union Judiciary Chapter– State Judiciary

Art.. Art.

124 Establishment and constitution of 214 High Courts for States.

Supreme Court
124A National Judicial Appointments 217 Appointment and conditions of the office of
Commission a Judge of a High Court.
124C Power of Parliament to make law
131 Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court 225 Jurisdiction of existing High Courts
132 Appellate Jurisdiction (132-134) 226 Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.
137 Review of judgments or orders by the 233 Subordinate Courts
Supreme Court -37
143 Power of President to consult Supreme
Court
 Part V – The Union
Chapter– Comptroller and Auditor General of India
Art..

148 Comptroller and Auditor General of India

(1) There shall be a C&AG of India who shall be appointed by the
President by warrant under his hand and seal and shall only be
removed from office in like manner and on the like grounds as a
Judge of the Supreme Court.

(4) The Comptroller and Auditor-General shall not be eligible for

further office either under the Government of India or under the
Government of any State after he has ceased to hold his office
149 Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General
The C&AG shall perform such duties and exercise such powers in
relation to the accounts of the Union and of the States and of any
other authority or body as may be prescribed by or under any law
made by Parliament
 Part V – The Union
Chapter– Comptroller and Auditor General of India
Art..

150 Form of accounts of the Union and of the States

The accounts of the Union and of the States shall be kept in such
form as the President may, 2 [on the advice of the C&AG of India],
prescribe
151 Audit Reports
(1) The reports of the C&AG of India relating to the accounts of the
Union shall be submitted to the President, who shall cause them to
be laid before each House of Parliament.

(2) The reports of the C&AG relating to the accounts of a State shall
be submitted to the Governor of the State, who shall cause them to
be laid before the Legislature of the State.
 Part VIII – Union Territories

Art..

239 Administration of Union territories

240 Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories

 Part IX – Panchayats Part IXA- Municipalities
Article Art..

243 Definitions 243P Definitions

243A Gram Sabha (will exercise power at village level as state
law shall provide)
243B Constitution of Panchayats (at vill / intermediate/ distt 243Q Nagar Panchayat/
level) Municipal Council /
Corporation
243C Composition of Panchayats (by direct election) 243R (by direct election)
243D Reservation of seats (1/3rd for women & proportionate for 243T
SC/ST)
243G Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats 243W Powers, authority and
(by devolution of power to implement responsibilities of
economic/development plan) Municipalities
243H Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayat 243X
(as empowered by state legislator after passing the law)
243J Audit of accounts of Panchayats (as Legislator 243Z
determine)
243K Elections to the Panchayats (State Election 243ZA
Commissioner)
243ZD District Planning Committee to consolidate the plans prepared by the Panchayats and the
Municipalities in the district and to prepare a draft development plan for district as a whole
 Part X - The Scheduled and Tribal Areas

Article

244 Administration of Scheduled and Tribal Areas

6th Schedule for tribal areas in Assam/Meghalya/Tripura/Mizoram

5th Schedule for SC ST areas in all other states
244A Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and
creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor
 Part XI – Relations between the Union and the States

Chapter I – Legislative Relations

Article

245 Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States

246 Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of
States
Union List / State List / Concurrent List – 7 th Schedule
248 Residuary powers of legislation
249 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in
the national interest (after RS passes resolution)
250 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List
if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation
252 Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and
adoption of such legislation by any other State
253 Legislation for giving effect to international agreements
 Part XI – Relations between the Union and the States

Chapter II – Administrative Relations

Article

256 Obligation of States and the Union (States exercise power in compliance
with Parliamentary laws)
257 Control of the Union over States in certain cases
States not to impeded Union executive in exercise of its powers
Highways / Railways / means of communication

262 Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river

valleys
Parliament may provide for such adjudication not under purview of SC/HC
263 Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council
President may form one for any matter of dispute
 Part XII – Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits

265 No tax without authority of law

266 Consolidated Fund of India and States – All expenditure / revenue –
taxes, sale / borrowing / repayment

Public Account of India and States – Public money eg: PF

267 Contigency Fund –
Parliament may establish one.
At disposal of President in the nature of imprest.
268 Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by States
269 Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States.
275 Grants from Union to States (out of CFI)
280 Finance Commission (Every five years by President)
 Part XII and Other - GST related

101st Constitutional Amendment

246A Power of Parliament and State Leigslatures to impose GST
Exclusive power of Parliament to impose GST on inter state supplies
269A GST on Inter state supplies
270 Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States.
279A GST Council
286 Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods and
Services
366 Addition of Definitions
GST – except alcohol
Services – all other than goods
States – UT with legislature
 Part XII

292 Borrowing by Govt of India (by law – fixing guarantee limits)

293 Borrowing by States
297 Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and
resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union.
298 Power to carry on trade
299 Contracts (in the name of President / Governer)
300 Suits and Proceedings (Govt of India / Govt of State)

300A No person shall be deprived of his property

save by authority of law
Part XIV – Services under the Union or State

309 Acts of the appropriate Legislature may regulate the recruitment, and
conditions of service of persons appointed, to public services and posts
in connection with the affairs of the Union or of any State
310 Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State (holds office
during pleasure of President / Governer otherwise provided)
311 Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil
capacities under the Union or a State (cant be done by authority
subordinate to the one who employed + inquiry)
312 All India Services – IAS/IPS/All India Judicial Service
312A Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers
of certain services.
315 Public Service Commission
320 Functions of Public Service Commissions (Recruitment / disciplinary)
 Part XVIII - Emergency

352 National Emergency

External Aggression and Armed Rebellion (44th)
All or in any part of India
356 Provisions in case of failure of machinery at the State Level
By governer report or otherwise
Executive power in President – Legislative power by Parliament
358 Suspension of Art 19 during emergency
359 Suspension of Part III except Art 20 and 21
360 Financial Emergency
365 Where any State has failed to comply with any directions given in the
(XIX) exercise of the executive power of the Union, it shall be lawful for the
President to hold that a situation has arisen in which the Government
of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of
this Constitution
 Part XIX - Miscellaneous

366 Definitions
Agri income
Anglo indian
Corporation tax
GST
Services
 Constitutional Amendments

First Amendment Act, 1951

Empowered the state to make special provisions for
the advancement of socially and economically
backward classes.
Provided for the saving of laws providing for the
acquisition of estates, etc.
Added Ninth Schedule to protect the land reforms
and other laws included in it from the judicial
review. After Article 31, Articles 31A and 31B were
inserted.
 Constitutional Amendments

The Constitution (7th Amendment) Act, 1956

The Seventh Amendment brought about the most
comprehensive changes so far in the Constitution.
This amendment was designed to implement the
State Reorganisation Act.
The Second and Seventh schedules were
substantially amended for the purpose of the States
Reorganization Act.
 Constitutional Amendments

The Constitution (24th Amendment) Act,

1971
It amended Article 13 and 368 with a view to
removing all possible doubts regarding the power of
Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure
thereof.
It gets over the Golak Nath ruling and asserts the
power of Parliament, denied to in the Golak Nath, to
amend Fundamental Rights.
 Constitutional Amendments

The Constitution (25th Amendment) Act, 1971

The 25th amendment of the Constitution in 1971 added
a new clause, Article 31C to the Constitution. Up to
1971, the position was that Fundamental Rights
prevailed over the Directive Principles of State Policy
and that a law enacted to implement a Directive
Principle could not be valid if it conflicted with a
Fundamental Right.
Article 31C sought to change this relationship to some
extent by conferring primacy on Articles 39(b) and
39(c) over Articles 14, 19 and 31.
 Constitutional Amendments

Twenty-Sixth Amendment Act, 1971

Abolished the privy purses and privileges of the former rulers of princely states.

The Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act, 1976

The Amendment was meant to enhance enormously the strength of the Government.
The major Amendments made in the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act are:
Preamble The characterization of India as ‘Sovereign Democratic Republic’ has been
changed to ‘Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic’.
The words ‘Unity of the nation’ have been changed to ‘Unity and integrity of the
nation’.
Parliament and State Legislatures: The life of the Lok Sabha and State
Legislative Assemblies was extended from 5 to 6 years.
Executive: It amended Article 74 to State explicitly that the President shall act in
accordance with the advice of the Council of Ministers in the discharge of his
functions.
 Constitutional Amendments
 Judiciary: The 42nd Amendment Act inserted Article 32A in order to deny the Supreme
Court the power to consider the Constitutional validity of the State law. Under Article
144A, the minimum number of judges of the Supreme Court to decide a question of 
Constitutional validity of a Central or State law was fixed as at least seven and further, this
required two-thirds majority.
 Federalism: The Act added Article 257A in the Constitution to enable the Centre to
deploy any armed force of the Union, or any other force under its control for dealing with
any grave situation of law and order in any State.
 Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles: Primacy to all Directive Principles
over the Fundamental Rights contained in Articles 14, 19 or 31.
 The 42nd Constitutional Amendment added a few more Directive Principles – free legal
aid, participations of workers in the management of industries, protection for
environment and protection of forests and wildlife of the country.
 Fundamental Duties: The 42nd Amendment Act inserted Article 51-A to create a new
part called IV-A in the Constitution, which prescribed the Fundamental Duties to the
citizens.
 Emergency: Prior to the 42nd Amendment Act, the President could declare an
emergency under Article 352 throughout the country and not in a part of the country
alone. The Act authorized the President to do just that.
 Constitutional Amendments

The Constitution (44th Amendment) Act, 1978

It reduced the life of Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies again to
five years and thus restore the status quo ante.
It cancelled 39th Amendment which had deprived the Supreme Court of
its jurisdiction to decide disputes concerning election of the President and
the Vice-President
A new provision was added to Article 74(1) saying that the President could
require the council of ministers to reconsider its advice to him, either
generally or otherwise and the President should Act in accordance with the
advice tendered after such re-consideration.
It has been provided that an Emergency can be proclaimed only on the
basis of written advice tendered to the President by the Cabinet.
Right to Property has been taken out from the list of Fundamental Rights
and has been declared a legal right.
The Constitution (61st Amendment) Act, 1989
The 61st Amendment reduces the voting age from 21 years to 18 years for the
Lok Sabha and Assembly election.

The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992

April 20,1993 as it got rectification by the State legislatures and was assented
to by the President of India. After notification, the Panchayati Raj Institutions
have now got Constitutional legitimacy.
After part VIII of the Constitution, a separate part IX has been added to the
Constitution with the addition in Article 243A and fresh Schedule called
Eleventh Schedule enumerating the powers and functions of Panchayti Raj
Institutions.
The Act provides for Gram Sabha, a three-tier model of Panchayati Raj,
reservation of seats for SCs and STs in proportion to their population and one-
third reservation of seats for women.
The Constitution (80th Amendment) Act, 2000
Based on the recommendations of the Tenth Finance
Commission, an alternative scheme for sharing taxes
between the Union and the State has been enacted by
the Constitution (Eightieth Amendment) Act, 2000.
Under the new scheme of devolution of revenue
between Union and the States, 26 per cent out of gross
proceeds of Union taxes and duties is to be assigned to
the States in lieu of their existing share in the income-
tax, excise duties special excise duties and grants in lieu
of tax on railway passenger fares. 
The Constitution (86th Amendment) Act,
2002
With a view to making right to free and compulsory
education a fundamental right, the Act inserts a new
Article, namely, Article 21A conferring on all
children in the age group of 6 to 14 years the right to
free and compulsory education.
The Act amends in Part-III, Part –IV and Part-IV(A)
of the Constitution.
The Constitution (89th Amendment) Act, 2003
The Act adds Article 338A and provides for the creation of
National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.

The Constitution (91st Amendment) Act,2003

The Act makes provisions for limiting the size of the Council
of Ministers at the Center 

The Constitution (99th Amendment) Act, 2014

The National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC)
was established by the Union government of India
Constitution (100th Amendment) Act 2015
Ratified the land boundary agreement between India
and Bangladesh.
The act amended the 1st schedule of the constitution
to exchange the disputed territories occupied by both
the nations in accordance with the 1974 bilateral
Land Boundary Agreement.

The Constitution (101st Amendment) Act, 2017

Introduced the Goods and Services Tax.
The Constitution (103rd Amendment) Act,
2019
A maximum of 10% Reservation for Economically
Weaker Sections (EWSs) of citizens of classes
 Schedule I to XII of
The Constitution of India
 Twelve Schedules

­Schedule Contains

1st Lists the states and territories of India (also about their changes)

Lists the salaries of officials holding public office, Presidents, judges, and Comptroller and Auditor General of
2nd
India

3rd Forms of oaths and Affirmations of offices for elected officials including judges

4th Allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha (the Upper House of Parliament) per State or Union Territory

5th Provisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes

6th Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram

7th The Union (central government), state, and concurrent lists of responsibilities

8th The Languages

9th Validation of certain Acts and Regulations

10th "Anti-defection" provisions for the Members of Parliament and the Members of the State Legislatures

11th Panchayat Raj (rural local government)

12th Municipalities (urban local government)

Miscellaneous Topics
 Writ Petitions (Art 32 and 226)

Habeas A person, when arrested, can move the Court for the issue of
Corpus Habeas Corpus. It is an order by a Court to the detaining
authority to produce the arrested person before it so that it
may examine whether the person has been detained lawfully
or otherwise
Mandamus order from a superior court to a lower court or tribunal or
public authority to perform an act, which falls within its duty
Certiorari issued by the Supreme Court / HC to some inferior court or
tribunal to transfer the matter to it or to some other superior
authority for proper consideration
Prohibition = Stay Order. issued by a superior court to lower court or a
tribunal forbidding it to perform an act outside its jurisdiction
Quo issued with a view to restraining a person from acting in a
Warranto public office to which he is not entitled