Biology

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
[Any of numerous substances that are produced by cells and living organisms]
 CONTENTS

CARBOHYDRATE FATS PROTEINS WATER

S
 01

CARBOHYDRATES
 Facts about carbohydrates
- It’s made up of carbon , hydrogen and oxygen . (The ratio of hydrogen and oxygen is 2:1 )

SUGARS POLYSACCHARIDES
( COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES)
Single sugar : Glucose
Fructose -Starch
- Cellulose
-Glycogen
Double sugars : Maltose
Sucrose
 SUGARS
Simple sugar - small molecules
- they can’t be further digested into smaller molecules
- can pass through cell membranes and be absorbed by the cells
- it’s also known as “MONOSACCHARIDES”
EXP : Glucose and Fructose
Double sugar - each are made up of two molecules of sugar bonded together
- it also called “ DISACCHARIDES “

EXP : Maltose and Sucrose

test for reducing sugar ( simple sugar)
- any sugar that is capable of acting as a reducing agent
- Glucose , Fructose , galactose , maltose and lactose

We can test by “ Benedict’s solution “

test for starch ( complex carboydrates )
- By adding a few drops of iodine solution on any substance

It will turn blue-black if starch is presence

or it will turn yellow-brown if starch is absent

 Functions of carbohydrates

• source and store for energy

• form supporting sturctures such as the cell walls for plant cell

• formation of nucleic acids like DNA

• make lubricants

• make nectars in flowers

 02

Fats
Facts about fats
 Organic compounds made up of CARBON, HYDROGEN and OXYGEN
(but contains much less oxygen in propertion to hydrogen)

 Some examples of foods that contain fats are

- butter
-oil
-nuts
-meat
-fish
-dairy products.
How can we test for fats?

By ethanol emulsion test

Functions of fats
• source and store of energy ; especially for animals

• an insulating material that prevent excessive heat loss

• essential part of cells ,especially in cell membranes

• a way to reduce water loss from

the skin
 03

Proteins
 Facts of proteins

- It’s made up of CARBON , HYDROGEN , OXYGEN and NITROGEN .

Protein is made up of a link of AMINO - ACIDS

A test for proteins
• By Biuret test

- Blue ( absence in proteins )

- Violet (presence in proteins )
 Functions of proteins

• make new cytoplasm • Formation of

; growth and repair antibodies to
combat diseases

• make enzymes • to make chromatin

and hormones chromosomes
 04

Water
Facts about water
An inorganic compound which doesn’t contain water . (H2O)
For animals , water

 is a medium for chemical reactions to occur

 transports digested food products , secretory products and hormones

from one part of the body to another

 is an essential part of cytoplasm ,lubricants , digestive juices and

blood

 helps to control water body temperature

For plants , water

 is essential for photosynthesis

 is needed to keep plant cells turgid

 transports mineral ions from the roots to the leaves

 transports food substances from the leaves to other parts of the leaves
S DNA ( Deoxyribonucleic acid )

It carries the genes or genetic information for the development and
functions of the body

Each strand of DNA consists of a sequence of bases

Two strands of DNA will twist to form a double helix structure

S DNA ( Deoxyribonucleic acid )

There are four types of bases in DNA :

- A will always base pair with T

-C will always base pair with G

 BIOLOGY

Thank you for your attention