ENHANCEMENT SCIENCE
--- BIOMOLECULES ---
BIOMOLECULE
 Also called “biological molecule”
 Any of numerous substances that are produced
by cells and living organisms.
 Have a wide range of sizes and structures and
perform a vast array of function.
 What is the importance knowing biomolecule?
- They are important for the maintenance and
metabolic process of the cell.
- Biomolecule are important for the proper
functioning of the body.
THE FOUR (4) MAJOR TYPES OF BIOMOLECULES
 MONOMERS
- Simple building blocks joined together for
the making of polymer.
 POLYMERS
- Giant molecule made from repeating
subunit of monomers.
1. CARBOHYDRATES
 Great source of energy.
 Composed of C, H, and O.
 Sugar molecule
 Along with proteins and fat, carbohydrates
are one of three main nutrients found in foods
and drinks. Your body breaks down
carbohydrates into glucose.
 GLUCOSE / BLOOD SUGAR
- The main source of energy of body’s cells,
tissues, and organs.
 FUN FACT:
- Even though carbohydrates are generally
associated with providing energy, eating
refined carbohydrates can make you tired.
 When you eat a carb-heavy meal, your blood
sugar rises quickly and then falls. In response to
these high blood sugar levels and to prevent
dangerously high blood sugar, your pancreas
releases the hormone insulin to keep your sugar
check.
 Overreaction by insulin can cause our blood
sugar to dip too low and make us feel tired after
eating a big meal.
 Eating carbohydrates increases the serotonin
hormone in your brain, which can trigger
sleepiness.
 SEROTONIN
- A chemical messenger that’s believed to
act as a mood stabilizer.
- It help produce healthy sleeping patterns
as well as boost your mood.
GLUCOSE LEVEL
 Hypoglycemia [LOW
SUGAR]
 Normal Level [NORMAL
LEVEL]
 Hyperglycemia [HIGH
SUGAR]
TYPES OF CARBIHYDRATES
 MONOSACCHARIDES
 The simplest form of carbohydrates.
 Made up of one sugar unit.
 Greek word:
 “monos” – single;
 “scchar” – sugar
EXAMPLES:
 GLUCOSE
- Most common monosaccharaides.
- Only form of sugar used by the body to
provide energy to fuel all cellular processes.
- Also called “blood sugar”.
 GALACTOSE
- Obtained from milk and whey and also
found on human body.
- Serves as a marker that can help in
identifying blood type.
 FRUCTOSE
- Found in fruits, honey, and corn syrups.
- Considered as the sweetest among the
sugar.
- Food sweetener, flavor embracer, and
increases shelf life for frozen fruits and
sweet food products.
 DISACCHARIDES
 A sugar formed when two
monosaccharaides are joined together.
EXAMPLES:
 SUCROSE [GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE]
- Table sugar.
- Considered as an excellent natural
preservative.
 LACTOSE [GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE]
- Referred to as “milk sugar”
- Most notably found in milk and other dairy
products.
- First carbohydrates that newborn
mammals, who are dependent on milk,
consume in considerably large amounts.
 MALTOSE [GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE]
- Referred to as “beer sugar” or “malt
sugar”
- Used in commercial alcohol production.
- Through the process of anaerobic process
of fermentation, maltose and other sugar
are converted by the yeast cells onto
alcohol.
 POLYSACCHARIDES
 Composed of long chain monosaccharaides.
 Made up of repeating unit of simple sugar
joined by “GLYCOSIDIC BONDS”
 Made up to 10 monosaccharaide UNITS.
 Classified as “structural” or “storage”
polysaccharides.
EXAMPLES:
 CELLULOSE
- Provides support and protection to the cell
walls of plants and other organisms such as
bacteria.
- Makes up the cell wall and fibers of plants.
- Most abundant organic molecule on Earth.
 CHITIN
- Exoskeletons of animals like crustaceans
and mollusks and cell walls of fungi.
- Provides strength and protection to
organisms.
 STARCH
- Energy storage in plants.
- Can be deprived from foods such as
potatoes, wheat, bread, pasta, rice, and
other bread products.
 GLYCOGEN
- Animal starch
- Energy storage in animals.
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ENHANCEMENT SCIENCE

2. LIPIDS  glycine
 Soluble in organic compounds but not in water.  histidine
 Long term energy storage.  proline
 It is important in cell membrane, fat soluble  serine
vitamins, and steroid hormone.  FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
 Greek word:  ANTIBIOTICS
 “lipos” – fat  Defend the organism from disease causing
EXAMPLES: agents such as bacteria and viruses and
 FAT [TRYCLYCERIDE] invading foreign molecules.
- Source of energy.  ENZYMES
- Compared to the same amount of  Hasten or speed up all cellular and chemical
carbohydrates fats can give twice as much reactions in the organism’s body.
energy.  HORMONES
- Acts as cushions protecting them from  Acts as chemical messengers sending
shocks and injuries regulatory signals among cells.
- Also acts as insulators protecting animals  GROWTH HORMONE
from extreme cold. - Regulates cellular growth and
 SATURATED FATS division.
 Single bonds that formed between  FOLLICLE STIMULATIONG HORMONE
carbon atoms. - Stimulates the release of estrogens
 These fats have hydrocarbon chains that from the ovarian follicle.
are fairly straight and packed closely 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
together making them solid at room  Molecules in our cells that store and direct
temperature. information for cellular growth and
 Lard, butter, and margarine are the reproduction.
common source of saturated fats.  TWO TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACID
 UNSATURATED FATS  DNA [Deoxyribonucleic acid]
 Double bonds between carbon atoms.  Genetic instruction to make RNA.
 Because of the double bonds,  Blueprint of life.
unsaturated fats cannot packed closely  Double strand.
together making them liquid at room  James Watson and Francis Crick
temperature.  RNA [Ribonucleic acid]
 PHOPHOLIPIDS  Converts DNA instruction into proteins.
- Major structural component of all cell  Single strand.
membranes
 TWO LAYERS OF CELL MEMBRANES
RNA DNA
 Hydrophilic [WATER-LOVING]
Location in - Nucleus and - Nucleus
 Hydrophobic [WATER-HATING]
the cell cytoplasm
3. PROTEINS
 Made in amino acids. No. of strand - Single- - Double-
 It provides structure in membranes, build stranded stranded
cartilages, and connective tissues, transport Base pairs - C-G, A-U - C-G, A-T
oxygen in blood and muscles, direct biological
reactions and enzymes, defends the against Sugar - Ribose - deoxyribose
infection, and controls metabolic processes as
hormone.
 Word:
 “proteios” – primary
 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
 Those that are not naturally produced by
the body.
 Isoleucine
 Leonine
 lysine,
 Methionine
 Phenylalanine
 Threonine
 tryptophan
 valine
 NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
 Those that can be naturally produced by
the body.
 Alanine
 Arginine
 Asparagine
 aspartic acid
 cysteine
 glutamic acid
 glutamine