6第六節理想氣體＿finish

國立勤益科技大學冷凍空調與能源系
四技部
冷凍空調原理講義
Refrigeration and air conditioning principle lecture
第六節、理想氣體及其各種過程
Section 6. Ideal Gases and Their Various Processes
任課教師：陸紀文編撰
一○八年九月十七版
冷凍空調原理講義 1
第六節、理想氣體及其各種過程 (1)
Section 6, Ideal Gases and Their Various Processes (1)
理想氣體 (ideal gas 或 perfect gas) ：分子間完全

沒有吸引力的氣體
Ideal gas or perfect gas: A gas that is completely
unattractive between molecules
氣體 (gas) 與汽體 (vapor) 經常被視為同意字。
在臨界溫度以上，物質的汽相習慣上被稱為氣體；
而汽體通常意指離凝結狀態不遠的氣體。
Gas and vapor are often considered consent terms.
Above the critical temperature, the vapor phase of a
substance is conventionally referred to as a gas; and
vapor usually means a gas that is not far from the
condensed state.
Section VI, Ideal Gases and Their Various Processes (2)
• 密閉系統理想氣體在以上五種過程之壓 - 容 (p-V) 圖 , 溫 - 熵 (T-

s) 圖： Pressure-capacity (p-V) diagram and temperature-entropy (T-
s) diagram of the ideal gas of the closed system in the above five
processes:
p p V k C 5b T 4b
4b 等熵 n 5b
pV  C
過程 3b SC
3b 多變 pC
過程等壓過程
2b T C
pV C 1a
0
pC 等溫過程 2a
0 2b
等壓過程 1a
1b 1b 3a
等容等
等溫過程 p V  C 5a 熵
過程 2a
n 等容過程過 p V k C
VC 3a p V  C 程
多變過程 VC
5a 4a 4a
V S
壓-容( p  V)圖溫-熵( T - S)圖
狀態0經由各種過程至末態之路徑
State 0 through various processes to the final state
• 某密閉系統內之理想氣體，由狀態 1 經過下列五種
過程後變成狀態 2 後，其相關定律、前後兩狀態間
p 、 V 、 T 與對外作功量的數學關係式。
The ideal gas in a closed system changes
from state 1 to state 2 after the following five
processes, and its related laws, the
mathematical relationship between p, V, T and
the external work energy.
前後兩狀態間對外作功量的熱傳量計算式
項次過程遵守的定律 p 、 V 、 T 間的關係
Item times Law of process compliance Between the two states Relationship
數學關係式 External Heat transfer calculation
work Mathematical relation formula
between p, V, T
查理定律 Charlie's Law

p2 ,abs T2 ,abs 利用
( 等容查理定律 )
等容過程
( 查理 - 給呂薩克定
 0 Q  W  U
Isovolumic p1,abs T1,abs 計算
process
律)
查理定律 Charlie's Law
( 等壓查理定律 ) V2 T2,abs 利用
Q W  U
等壓過程  pabs (V2  V1)
Isobaric
process
( 查理 - 給呂薩克定 V1 T1,abs 計算
律)
 V2 
W  p1, absV1 Ln 
 V1  利Q
用 W  U
等溫過程
波以耳定律 p2 ,abs V2  p1,abs V1 V 
 p2, absV2 Ln 2 
Isothermal Boyle's Law
process  V1  計算
p2, absV2  p1, absV1
k W
等熵過程所遵守的定律 p2,abs  V1  T
k
 k 1
1 k
沒有特定的人名
( 比熱比
The law followed No
     2,abs 
p1,abs  V2   T1,abs  
mR (T2  T1 )
1 k
0
k)
isentropic
specific name
process
n
所遵守的定律 n
T  n 1 W 
p2, absV2  p1, absV1
p2 ,abs  V1 
多變過程沒有特定的人名      2,abs 
p1,abs  V2 
1 n 利用
Q  W  U
 T1,abs 
( 多變常數為 The law followed No mR (T2  T1 )
Changeable
n) specific name 
process 冷凍空調原理講義 1 n 計算 5
• 理想氣體的 p,v,T,V,m 間的三個基本關係式：
Three basic relations between p, v, T, V, m of an ideal
gas:
pv  RT p : 氣體的絕對壓力( N/ m2 , lbf /ft 2 ), v : 氣體的比容, R : 氣體常數, T :氣體的絕對溫度(K, R)
p   RT  : 氣體的密度(kg/ m3 , lbm /ft 3 ), p, R, T : 同上
pV  mRTV : 氣體所佔有的體積(m3, ft 3 ), m : 氣體的質量(kg, lbm ), p, R, T : 同上
• p: 氣體的絕對壓力 Absolute pressure of gas

• v: 氣體的比容 Specific volume of gas
• R: 氣體常數 Gas constant
• T: 氣體的絕對溫度 Absolute temperature of gas
• ρ : 氣體的密度 Gas density
• V: 氣體所佔有的體積 Volume occupied by gas
• m ：氣體的質量 Mass of gas
• 理想氣體三大基本定律記憶口訣：
• ( 理想氣體的絕對壓力 )×( 理想氣體的比容 ) ＝ ( 理想氣體的氣體常
數 )×( 理想氣體的絕對溫度 )
• ( 理想氣體的絕對壓力 ) ＝ ( 理想氣體的密度 )×( 理想氣體的氣體常
數 )×( 理想氣體的絕對溫度 )
• ( 理想氣體的絕對壓力 )×( 理想氣體的體積 ) ＝ ( 理想氣體的質
量 )×( 理想氣體的氣體常數 )×( 理想氣體的絕對溫度 )
• Tips for remembering three basic laws of ideal gas:
• (Absolute pressure of ideal gas) × (specific volume of ideal gas) =
(gas constant of ideal gas) × (absolute temperature of ideal gas)
• (Absolute pressure of ideal gas) = (density of ideal gas) × (gas
constant of ideal gas) × (absolute temperature of ideal gas)
• (Absolute pressure of ideal gas) × (volume of ideal gas) = (mass of
ideal gas) × (gas constant of ideal gas) × (absolute temperature of
ideal gas)
• 數學關係式： Mathematical relationship:

(1) pabs  v  RTabs (2) pabs   RTabs (3) pabs V  m RTabs
• 實際氣體在正常狀態的行為近於理想氣體，可利用
理想氣體定律計算。
The actual gas behaves close to the ideal gas
in the normal state and can be calculated
using the ideal gas law.
• 空氣組成及分子量計算：
Air composition and molecular weight calculation:
乾空氣組成
Dry air composition
分子量體積分率或莫耳分率
氣體種類 Molecular 分子量 × 莫耳分率
Volume fraction or mole
Gas type weight fraction Molecular weight × mol fraction
氮氣 (N2) 28.016 0.7809 21.878
氧氣 (O2) 32.000 0.2095 6.704
二氧化碳 (CO2) 44.01 0.0003 0.013
氬 (Ar) 39.944 0.0093 0.371
平均分子量
莫耳分率總和
Sum of mole fraction 冷凍空調原理講義 1.000 Average
molecular
28.966 9
weight
• 理想氣體氣體常數 (gas constant) ＝一般氣體氣體

常數 / 分子量 Ideal gas constant = general gas constant
/ molecular weight
R )
R=Ru/M ； (Joule/kg·K, ft-lbf/lbm·
Joule ft - lb f
一般氣體常數 ( u ni vers a l ga s cons t a n t ) Ru  8314.41 kg - mole  K
 1545 .35 lb - mole   R
m
• 理想氣體分子量 M ；(kg/kg-mole, lbm/lbm-mole)

Ideal gas molecular weight
空氣分子量 Ma=28.966 kg/kg-mole=28.966 lbm/lbm-mole

Air molecular weight
 Ru 8314.41kg-Joule
moleK
 SI制 : Ra    287.04 Joule( N- m )
kgK
 Ma 28.966kgkgmole
空氣氣體常數 ft -lb f
 Ru 1545.35
Air gas lb m -mole R
英制 : R a    53.35 ft -lbf
constant  Ma 28.966 lb m lb m  R
 lb m -mole
SI 制 SI 制與英制英制
氣體定壓比熱定容比熱氣體常數比熱比分子量定壓比熱定容比熱氣體常數
的各 Cp Cv R k M Cp Cv R
種性
質表 ft - lbf /lbm  R
BTU/lbm·
kJ/kg·℃ kJ/kg·℃ Joule/kg·K Cp/Cv ( 見前 ) BTU/lbm·℉
℉
空氣 (air) 1.0000 0.711 287 1.406 28.966 0.2375 0.169 53.35

氨 (NH3) 2.1269 1.6705 487 1.273 17 0.508 0.399 90.5
二氧化碳
(CO2) 0.8709 0.6783 189 1.28 44 0.207 0.162 35.1
一氧化碳 (CO) 1.0174 0.7243 297 1.403 28 0.243 0.173 55.1

氦氣 (He) 5.193 3.12 2077 1.667 4.003 1.25 0.75 385.3
氫氣 (H2) 14.277 10.132 4124 1.41 2 3.41 2.42 765.9
氮氣 (N2) 1.0216 0.7243 297 1.41 28 0.244 0.173 55.1
氧氣 (O2) 0.9127 0.6531 260 1.40 32 0.218 0.156 48.3
二氧化硫
(SO2) 0.6448 0.5150 130 1.26 64 0.154 0.123 24.1
• 表壓力與絕對壓力之間的轉換計算式：
Calculation formula for conversion between gauge
pressure and absolute pressure:
換成 N/m 2的絕對壓力 105 N/m 2
20 bar表壓力      (20  1.01325) bar   2.1013 106 N/m 2
bar
2 換成 N/m2的絕對壓力 2 101325 N/m 2
38 kg f /cm 表壓力     (38  1.033) kg f /cm  2
 3.8287  106 N/m 2
1.033 kg f /cm
2
150 kPa表壓力 換成
N/m
的絕對壓力
 (150  101.325) kN/m 2 1000/ k  251325 N/m 2
• 1 atm 20℃(68℉) 空氣密度＝ 1.205 kg/m3 ＝
0.075 lbm/ft3 Air density
p 101325 N/ m 2 3
  N -m
 1.205 kg / m
RT 287 kgK  (20  273) K
p 14.7 lbf /in.2 144 in. 2 /ft 2 3

   0 .07515 lb m / ft
RT 53.35 ft-lbf  (68  460)  R
lbm  R
1 atm 常溫下水的密度是 1 atm,20℃ 空氣密度的多少

倍：
How much is the density of water at 1 atm at room temperature?
1000 kg/m3/1.205 kg/m3=829.87
【例 6-1 解答】求桶統內氣體密度
Find the gas density in the barrel system
[Example 6-1 Answer]
25C
0.24 bar
空氣 air
高壓儲氣桶
High pressure gas
storage tank
2
5 N/m
pabs (0.24  1.01325) bar  10
  N -m
bar
 1.46534 kg/ m3
R Tabs 287 kgK  (25  273) K
【例 6-2 】求桶統內氣體質量 Find the gas quality in

[Example 6-2] the barrel system
0.3 kgf/cm2 24
C
Nitrogen 氮氣
0.75 m3 高壓儲氣桶
High pressure gas
storage tank
2 101325 N/m 2 3
(0.3  1.033) kg f /cm   0.75 m
pabs V 1.033 kg f /cm 2
m  N -m
 1.48229 kg
R Tabs 297 kgK  (24  273) K
• 理想氣體內能與焓只為絕對溫度的函數：
The internal energy and enthalpy of an ideal gas are only functions of the
absolute temperature:
• u=u(T) h=h(T) ( 註 : 理想氣體的溫度變化時，其內能與焓才有變化 )
u = u (T) h = h (T) (Note: When the temperature of an ideal gas changes,
its internal energy and enthalpy change)
• 理想氣體內能變化基本關係式：
The basic relationship of the change of internal energy of an ideal gas:
• U  mC  T  mC  t ； (kJ, BTU)
v v
• [ 理想氣體內能變化量＝氣體質量 × 氣體定容比熱 × 溫度差 ]
[The amount of change in the internal energy of the ideal gas = gas mass × gas
constant volume specific heat × temperature difference]
• u  C  T  C  t ； (kJ/kg, BTU/lbm)
v v
• 理想氣體焓變化基本關係式：
Basic relationship of ideal gas enthalpy change:
H  m
；C(kJ,
p  T BTU)
 mCp  t
• [ 理想氣體焓變化量＝氣體質量 × 氣體定壓比熱 ×
溫度差 ]
[Ideal gas enthalpy change = gas mass × gas constant
pressure specific heat × temperature difference]
•  h  C p  T  C p  ;(kJ/kg,
t BTU/lbm)
• 【練習問題 : 能量守恆】下圖左右兩槽與連通管皆為絕
熱，求閥打開後一段時間，兩氣體均勻混合之溫度 (89
年高考”冷凍空調用熱力與熱傳學”試題 )
[Practice question: Conservation of energy] Both the left and right
tanks and the connecting pipe are insulated as shown in the figure
below. Please find the temperature at which the two gases are
evenly mixed after the valve is opened.
二氧化碳（ carbon dioxide) 0.6 kg 氮氣 (Nitrogen ） 0.4 kg

500 K 300 K
5000 kPa 500 kPa
Cv,CO2=3.5 Ru Cv,N2=2.5 Ru
【例 6-3 】下圖為家庭用吹風機示意圖，基本上為在管道內放置數
層電熱器，一個小風扇吸入空氣並迫使流經電熱器而被加熱。空氣
在 1 atm(abs) ， 20℃ ，被吸入吹風機，而在 1 atm(abs) ， 48℃ ，
流速 7.0 m/s 吹出。已知吹風機出口的直徑為 8.74 cm 。求出口處空
氣的 (1) 密度 ,kg/m3(2) 質量流率 ,kg/s 。 (3) 計算加熱器耗電功率，
已知小風扇功率 25 W( 將空氣視為理想氣體 ) 空氣氣體常數 R=287
Joule/kg·K 。
[Example 6-3] The following figure is a schematic diagram of a household hair
dryer. Basically, several layers of electric heaters are placed in the pipe. A small
fan sucks air and forces it to flow through the electric heater to be heated. Air was
drawn into the hair dryer at 1 atm (abs), 20 ° C, and blown out at 1 atm (abs), 48 °
C, at a flow rate of 7.0 m / s. The diameter of the hair dryer outlet is known to be
8.74
Find cm.
the (1) density of air at the outlet,
kg / m3 (2) mass flow rate, kg / s. (3)
Calculate the power consumption of the
heater. It is known that the small fan
power is 25 W (the air is regarded as an
ideal gas). The air gas constant R = 287
Joule / kg · K.
20
Heating resistance
【例 6-3 解答】 [Example 6-3 Answer]
p2 101325 N/m 2 3
(1)  2   Nm
 1.1 kg/ m
RT2 287 kgK
 ( 273  48) K
(2)m 2   2 A2 V2   2 (0.25 d 22 )V2

1.1 kg/m3 ×0.25π×8.742×10-4m2×7.0 m/s=0.046196 kg/s
(3)Q  W  m 2 h  m 2Cpt
Q  m 2Cpt  W  m 2Cpt  W in
=0.046196 kg/s×1.0 kJ/kg·℃×(48-20)℃-0.025 kW=1.2685 kW

• 【例 6-4 】右下圖為空調設備中的交叉流熱交
air
換器，用以回收燃燒後的廢氣熱能以達節能要
求，在某一運轉條件下，空氣 (Cp=1.005
kJ/kg·℃) 在 20℃,95 kPa(abs) 以 0.8 m3/s 的
流率從熱交換器左側進入；而廢氣 (Cp=1.10
kJ/kg·℃) 則在 180℃ 以 1.1 kg/s 的質量流率
從熱交換器背面的管路進入，當從熱交換器正
面流出後溫度降為 95℃ ，若將空氣視為理想 exhaust
氣體。
[Example 6-4] The lower right figure is a cross-flow heat exchanger in an air-
conditioning device, which is used to recover the heat energy of the exhaust gas
after combustion to achieve energy saving requirements. Under a certain
operating condition, the air (Cp = 1.005 kJ / kg · ℃ ) At 20 ° C, 95 kPa (abs)
enters from the left side of the heat exchanger at a flow rate of 0.8 m3 / s; while
exhaust gas (Cp = 1.10 kJ / kg · ° C) is at a mass flow rate of 1.1 kg / s at 180 ° C
It enters from the pipe on the back of the heat exchanger. When it flows out from
the front of the heat exchanger, the temperature drops to 95 ° C. 22
直接問法：試求廢氣傳至空氣的熱傳率 air
及其流出溫度。誘導式問法： (1) 燃燒廢
氣氣體從 180℃ 進入， 95℃ 離開，其
顯熱率損失多少 kW ？ (2) 空氣進入熱交
換器密度多少 kg/m3? (3) 空氣進入熱交
換器質量流率多少 kg/s? (4) 空氣流出熱
交換器溫度多少℃。空氣氣體常數
R=287 Joule/kg·K exhaust
Direct question method: try to find the heat transfer rate of exhaust gas
to air and its outflow temperature. Inductive questioning method: (1)
How much kW does the sensible heat loss of combustion exhaust gas
enter from 180 ℃ and leave at 95 ℃? (2) What is the density of air
entering the heat exchanger kg / m3? (3) What is the mass flow rate of
air entering the heat exchanger kg / s? (4) What is the temperature of
the air flowing out of the heat exchanger? Air gas constant R = 287
Joule / kg · K
(1)Q s ,hg  m hg  Cphg  thg  1.1 kg/s 1.1 kJ/kg C  (180  90) C  102.85 kW
p1,a 95000 N/m2 3

(2) 1,a   Nm
 1.129728 kg/ m
RT1,a 287 kg K
 ( 273  20) K
(3)m a   1,a V1,a  1.129728 kg/s  0.8 m3/s  0.903728 kg/s
(4)Q s ,a  Q s ,hg  m a  Cpa  (t2,a  t1,a )  Q s ,hg

Q s ,hg  102.85 kW 
t2 ,a  t1,a   20 C  
 133 .8 C
m a  Cpa 0.903728 kg/s  1.0 kJ/kg  C
第六節、理想氣體及其各種過程 (24) Section
6, Ideal Gases and Their Various Processes (24)
【例 6-5 】如右圖中之空氣加熱系統空氣離開後溫度升高了 10℃ ，而
水溫則降低了 5℃ ，求進出加熱盤管熱水體積流率為多少 L/min? 已
知水的比熱 4.186 kJ/kg·K ，空氣比熱 1.0 kJ/kg·K 。
[Example 6-5] As shown in the figure on the right, the temperature of the
air heating system has increased by 10 ° C, and the water temperature
has decreased by 5 ° C. What is the volume flow rate of hot water in and
out of the heating coil? The specific heat of water is 4.186 kJ / kg · K,
and the specific heat of air is 1.0 kJ / kg · K. Temperature drops
after water exits
求熱水流量,L/min? 水進出後溫度降低 5 C
Find hot
water flow 加熱盤管 Heating coil
air
1 atm 空氣
500 CMM 30  C
20  C
熱水在熱交換器的顯熱損失用於加熱空氣，使其顯熱獲得 The
sensible heat loss of hot water in the heat exchanger is used to
heat the air to obtain its sensible heat
水側顯熱速率： Sensible heat rate on the water side:
Q s , w   w Vw  Cpw t w
空氣加熱率： Air heating rate:
 V22  V1 2 g ( z 2  z1 ) 
Q air  m air  ( h2  h1 )     m air  ( h2  h1 )
 2g c gc 
p1a 101325 N/m 2 3

1,air   Nm
 1.205 kg/ m
RaT1a 287 kgK
 (273  20)K
m air  1,air  Vair  1.205 kg/m3  500 m3/min min/60 s  10.0417 kg/s
Q air  m air  hair  m air  Cpair tair

Q air  10.0417 kg/s  1.0 kJ  (30  20) C  100.417 kW
kg C
Q s ,w  Q air   wVw  Cpw tw  Q air

Q 100.417 kW  60s/min
 Vw   air
  287.865 L/min
kg kJ 
 w Cpw tw 1.0 L  4.186   5 C
kg C
【例 6-6 】在測試某送風機時，發現其出口空氣溫度與速度分別為
83℃ 與 9.1 m/s ，且出口面積為 18.7 cm2 ；送風機入口處空氣溫度、
壓力與速度分別為 22℃ 、 1.0 巴 (bar) 與 3.7 m/s ，假定送風機壓力
變化不大，且熱傳量可不考慮，求送風機之輸入功率為多少 kW? 空
氣氣體常數 R=287 Joule/kg·K ；空氣定壓比熱 Cp=1.0 kJ/kg·℃(90
年高考”熱力與熱傳學”試題 )
[Example 6-6] When testing a blower, it was found that the outlet air
temperature and speed were 83 ° C and 9.1 m / s, respectively, and
the outlet area was 18.7 cm2; the air temperature, pressure and
speed at the inlet of the blower were 22 ° C, 1.0 bar (bar) and 3.7 m
/ s, assuming that the pressure of the blower does not change
much, and the heat transfer can be ignored, what is the kW of the
input power of the blower? Air constant R = 287 Joule / kg · K; Cp =
1.0 kJ / kg · ℃ (90 years college entrance examination "heat and
heat transfer" test questions)

(1) 利用理想氣體定律求出口空氣密度
(1) Use the ideal gas law to find the outlet air density
p 2 ,abs 100000 N /m 2 3
2  N m
 0 . 97874 kg / m
RT2 ,abs 287 kg K
 ( 273  83 ) K
Outlet air mass flow rate

(2) 出口空氣質量流率 m 2   2 A2V2
3 2 1 m2
 0.97874 kg/m  18.7 cm  9.1 m/s  2
 0.0166552 kg/s
10000 cm
• (3) 送風機之輸入功率： (3) Input power of blower:
 V 2
 V 2
  V 2
 V 2

Q  W  m 2  (h2  h1 )  2 1
 PEm  Q  W  m 2  (h2  h1 )  2 1
 PEm 
 2g c   2g c 
  V 2
 V 2


 W  m2  c p (t 2  t1 )  2 1

 2 g c 
2 2
 V  V 
W in  m 2  c p (t2  t1 )  2 1

 2 g c 
    (9.12  3.72 ) m 2 /s2 kJ 
Win  0.0166552 kg/s  1.0 kJ/kg  C  (83  22) C  
 2 1.0 ( kg  m/s2 )/ N 1000 N  m 
W in  1.0165 kW
• 軸流式風機離心後傾
單吸風機
Axial fan Centrifugal backward tilt single suction fan
• 雙進氣多翼式離心風機箱型雙進氣多翼式離
心風機
Double-inlet multi-wing centrifugal fan Box type double-inlet multi-wing centrifugal fan
• 管道風機
Duct fan
• 水蒸汽是理想氣體嗎？ Is water vapor the ideal gas?
此問題無法以簡單的是或不是回答。將水蒸汽視為理想氣體造成
的誤差被計算並繪於下圖。由此圖可清楚的看出，『壓力低於 10
kPa 』，則不論其溫度，水蒸汽可被視為理想氣體。其誤差可予忽
略 ( 小於 1%) 。然而，在較高的壓力，理想氣體的假設導致不能接
受的誤差，尤其在臨界點及飽和汽體線附近 ( 超過 100%) 。
This question cannot be answered with simple yes or no. The error
caused by considering water vapor as an ideal gas is calculated and
plotted in the figure below. From this figure, it is clear that "pressure
is below 10 kPa", regardless of its temperature, water vapor can be
regarded as an ideal gas. The error can be ignored (less than 1%).
However, at higher pressures, the assumption of an ideal gas leads
to unacceptable errors, especially near the critical point and near the
saturated vapor line (over 100%).
– 因此，在「空氣調節應用」中空氣中的水蒸汽可視為理
想氣體而無誤差，因為水蒸汽的壓力極低。然而在蒸汽
動力廠應用中，相關壓力通常甚高，故不應使用理想氣
體關係。
– Therefore, the water vapor in the air can be regarded
as an ideal gas without error in the "air conditioning
application" because the pressure of the water vapor is
extremely low. However, in steam power plant
applications, the relevant pressures are usually very
high, so ideal gas relationships should not be used.
第六節、
理想氣
體及其
各種過
程 (34)
Section VI,
Ideal Gases
and Their
Various
Processes
(34)

6第六節 理想氣體＿finish

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國立勤益科技大學冷凍空調與能源系

理想氣體 (ideal gas 或 perfect gas) ：分子間完全

• 密閉系統理想氣體在以上五種過程之壓 - 容 (p-V) 圖 , 溫 - 熵 (T-

壓-容( p  V)圖 溫-熵( T - S)圖

查理定律 Charlie's Law

• p: 氣體的絕對壓力 Absolute pressure of gas

• 數學關係式： Mathematical relationship:

氮氣 (N2) 28.016 0.7809 21.878

氧氣 (O2) 32.000 0.2095 6.704

二氧化碳 (CO2) 44.01 0.0003 0.013

氬 (Ar) 39.944 0.0093 0.371

• 理想氣體氣體常數 (gas constant) ＝一般氣體氣體

• 理想氣體分子量 M ；(kg/kg-mole, lbm/lbm-mole)

空氣分子量 Ma=28.966 kg/kg-mole=28.966 lbm/lbm-mole

氣體 定壓比熱 定容比熱 氣體常數 比熱比 分子量 定壓比熱 定容比熱 氣體常數

空氣 (air) 1.0000 0.711 287 1.406 28.966 0.2375 0.169 53.35

一氧化碳 (CO) 1.0174 0.7243 297 1.403 28 0.243 0.173 55.1

p 14.7 lbf /in.2 144 in. 2 /ft 2 3

1 atm 常溫下水的密度是 1 atm,20℃ 空氣密度的多少

【例 6-2 】 求桶統內氣體質量 Find the gas quality in

二氧化碳 （ carbon dioxide) 0.6 kg 氮氣 (Nitrogen ） 0.4 kg

(2)m 2   2 A2 V2   2 (0.25 d 22 )V2

=0.046196 kg/s×1.0 kJ/kg·℃×(48-20)℃-0.025 kW=1.2685 kW

p1,a 95000 N/m2 3

(3)m a   1,a V1,a  1.129728 kg/s  0.8 m3/s  0.903728 kg/s

(4)Q s ,a  Q s ,hg  m a  Cpa  (t2,a  t1,a )  Q s ,hg

p1a 101325 N/m 2 3

Q air  m air  hair  m air  Cpair tair

Q s ,w  Q air   wVw  Cpw tw  Q air

【例 6-6 解答】 [Example 6-6 Answer]

Outlet air mass flow rate

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6第六節理想氣體＿finish

6第六節理想氣體＿finish

壓-容( p  V)圖溫-熵( T - S)圖

氣體定壓比熱定容比熱氣體常數比熱比分子量定壓比熱定容比熱氣體常數

【例 6-2 】求桶統內氣體質量 Find the gas quality in

二氧化碳（ carbon dioxide) 0.6 kg 氮氣 (Nitrogen ） 0.4 kg