December 2014

Prepared by- Er. Dipesh Pandey

 CONTENTS
Introduction

Activities in Road Construction

Tools, Equipment and Plant

Earthwork

Mass Haul Diagram

Definition
Activities to change existing ground to
designed shape,
grade and
provide necessary facilities for
smooth,
safe and
efficient traffic operation,
including reconstruction of existing road.
Activities in Road Construction
Earthwork Structural Work
 site clearance,  Earth retaining str,
 E/W in filling,  Gully control works,
 E/W in excavation,  Land slide stabilization,
 Excavation for borrow pit,  River training works,
 Excavation for foundation,  Bridge protection works
 Disposal of surplus
Miscellaneo Pavement Work
Drainage Work us Work  Sub grade preparation,
 Side drains,  Road Ancillaries  Sub-base,
 Culverts,  Traffic
sign/signal,  Base course and
 Sub surface drain,
 Causeway
markings  Wearing course
 Boi-engineering
 Minor bridge works
Tools, Equipment and Plant
Tools Equipment
Hand shovel,
Chisel, Peak, Earth Moving Equipment
Spade, Dozer, Scraper, Loader,
Hand Rammer, Excavator, Backhoe,
Brushes, Dragline, Clamshell,
Trowel, Trench digger
Wheel Borrow

Leveling Equipment
Compaction Equipment Motor Grader
smooth wheel roller, Paving Equipment
vibrating roller, Binder storage tank with
heating device, binder spreader,
pneumatic roller, sheep aggregate spreader, cement
concrete mixture, bituminous
foot roller, different mechanical paver, cement
capacity rammers concrete paver
Cont.…
Lifting Equipment Transporting
 Loader,
Equipment
Dumping trucks,
 Backhoe, Flat body trucks,
mini dumper
 Different capacity crane
 Leveling Equipment
Motor Grader
 Paving Equipment
Binder storage tank with
Miscellaneous Equipment heating device, binder
Rock driller,
spreader, aggregate
Core Cutter, spreader, cement concrete
Edge cutter mixture, bituminous
mechanical paver, cement
concrete paver
Cont.….

 Plants
 Cement concrete plant,
 Asphalt concrete plant,
 cold mix plant,
 Aggregate crushing plant,
 Screening plant,
Earthwork
Process to prepare sub grade level bringing it to design
grade and shape

may be in embankment and filling

Quantity based on longitudinal and cross section

Mass haul diagram necessary to decide economic haul

E/W quantities are estimate based on L and X sections

Site Clearance
Started just after survey works and before any
construction works

Clearing of grass, weeds, bushes, shrubs

Removal of existing trees, stumps and roots along the

road alignment

Removal of existing structures along right of way

Earthwork in Filling
Necessary when we have to raise the sub-grade from
existing ground level

Reasons:
To keep sub-grade high from ground water table

To prevent damage due to surface and capillary rise

To maintain vertical alignment

Design elements:
 Height,
 Fill material,
 Settlement,
 Stability of foundation,
 Stability of slope

Equipment:
Grader, Roller, Tripper and water tanker or manually
for small project
Construction steps:
Laying layer by layer
Grading each layer
Attaining desired density before next layer is placed
The thickness of the layers may vary between
10 to 30 cm depending on various factors such as soil type,
equipment, specifications etc.

Quality Control
Checking of suitability of filling material
Checking of field moisture and dry density of each layer (>
93 % for below and > 95% for above)
Proper finishing of formation slope as per design
E/W in Excavation
In the process of cutting or loosening and removing
earth including rock from its original position,
transporting and dumping it as a fill or spoil bank.

Also includes excavation for side drains

Earth excavation work may be divided as excavation

or cutting, grading and compaction.
Design Elements
 Depth,
 Stability of foundation,
 Stability of slopes,
 Accommodation of road side drain

•Equipment
 Grader, roller, tipper and water tanker
Construction Steps
Excavation
Grading of sub-grade layer
Compaction with roller

• Quality Control
 Fixing reference pegs
 Checking field moisture and dry density
 Proper finishing of formation slopes
Field Control of compaction
 Measurement of moisture content
 Measurement of max. dry density corresponding to
optimum moisture content
Planning of E/W
Mass haul Diagram
Earthwork for a highway project involves cuts and
fills.

The most balanced design is one which utilizes the

cut volumes in the adjacent fills.

This is achieved by a mass haul diagram which is a

graphical representation of amount of cut and the fill
and the manner in which the earth is to be hauled
from cut to fill.
Planning of E/W
 Mass haul Diagram
The ordinate at any station along the MHD indicates the
earthwork quantity accumulated up to that point, and is
the summation of the differences between cut and fill.
The maximum (+) ordinate indicates a change from cut to
fill (D) and the minimum (-) ordinate indicates from fill to
cut (A and G).
Upward sloping curves indicate (rising left to right)
indicate a cut
Downward sloping (falling left to right) curves occur in a
fill section
peaks indicate a change from cut to fill and valleys occur
when the earthwork changes from fill to cut
If the curve has steep slope it indicates heavy cuts or
high fills. Flat slopes indicate small earthwork
quantities.

The balance point is defined as a point where the

volume in excavation balances the volume in
embankment.

Any line drawn parallel to the base line and intersecting

two points within the same curve indicates a balance of
cut and fill between these two points ( C and D). Such a
line (HJ) is called a balancing line.
Haul: it has dual meaning. Distance over which material
is moved and also the volume distance of material used.

Free haul: The certain amount of haulage is included in

the earthwork rate itself and the contractor is expected to
carry earth over this haulage within his quoted rate.

Over haul: the haulage over the free haul distance paid for
extra rate called over haul.
Economic over haul: the economic over haul distance
can be determined by equating the cost of roadway
excavation plus overhaul and tipping in embankment with
the cost of borrow pit material plus excavation, haul and
wasting of roadway material within the free haul distance
a= cost of roadway excavation per cu. m.
b= cost of overhaul and tipping per cu. m.
c = cost of borrow material per cu. M.
L= economic overhaul distance in stations
a+bxL=c+a
L= c/b
Thank you