2.

Job Analysis and Planning for

earthwork construction

EARTHMOVING 120404
PEMINDAHAN TANAH MEKANIS
Job Analysis

 Goal: Create a realistic, thorough and well-organized working/project plan

 Parameter:
 Safety
 Comprehensive working elements
 Efficient and Effective
 Accurate
 Robust and applicable
 Structured monitoring and evaluation
 Job Analysis

 Performance of a work task depends on:

• The quantities of involved  volume or weight.
• The haul distances
• The working access and grades for all segments of the hauls.
• The Infrastructure and supporting system (Fuel, workshop, spare part
supply, replacement)
• The work hazards.
• The various contractual and legal constraints:
• The nature of working environment
Quantities/ Working Volume

 Quantity survey  volume of stripping, soil excavation, or rock

excavation, embankment, waste material, etc.
The calculation of earthwork volumes, balancing cuts and fills, planning the most
economical materials hauls.
 Mass excavation  moving a substantial volume of material and the
excavation work.
 Structural excavation.
• Sequence of digging
• Water flow management
• Cut and filling determined location
• Digging technique
• Amount and type of equipments
• Hauling road design and distance
•Daily or hourly production
Quantity Survey
 Topography and Graphical Presentation of Earthwork (Design)
 Plan view drawn looking down on the proposed work and presents the
horizontal alignment of feature.
 Profile view a cut view, typically along the center line of the work.
 Cross section view formed by a plane cutting the work vertically and a right
angles to its long axis.
Initial Topography
Work Design
cut & fill areas in the same section
Earthwork Quantities

 • The calculation of earthwork volumes, balancing cuts and fills, planning the
most effective, efficient and economical materials hauls and handling.
 • Calculation method
 • Stripping
 • Net volume
 • Earthwork volume sheet
Accessibilty & Transportation

 Need to be considered to:

How to transport (equipment and logistic)
What to transport (equipment and logistic)
When to transport (equipment and logistic)

Possibility Class Quality Infrastructure Traffic Cond.

Main road ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Railway ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
River way ✓ ✓ ✓
Sea Port ✓ ✓ ✓
Airport ✓ ✓ ✓
Rural road ✓ ✓ ✓

Class: capacity or width, Quality: Uphill, blockage, Infrastructure: Fuel

station, workshop, food supply, dll
Vegetation
 Bush or Hard wood
 Density
 How high
 Diameter

1. Diameter < 10 cm ----> Direct

Push
2. Tree Diameter : 10-25 cm ----> What to be concerned in Land Clearing:
Slow push to shake them then ● land clearing Method
strong push by lifting a bit of the ● Equipment
blade or pulled by 2 dozer. ● Time duration (relate to digging schedule)
3. Tree Diameter > 25 cm ----> ● Land clearing cost
Using chainsaw first to cut the
tree down then dig the soil
around it and break the roots
then slowly push
4. Surface rock existence ---->
direct push if capable or push
side to side.
KIND OF MATERIAL AND ITS CHANGE OF
VOLUME

What Need to be considered:

 Type of Material : Type of rock, Type of Soil
 Easy digging, medium digging, hard digging
 Dry, Wet, Muddy, Loose, Hydrophobe, Hydrophilli, Sticky
 Free digging, ripping, blasting
Bearing Capacity

 Bearing capacity is the material ability to support the equipment that sitting on
the top of it
 Highlight point: ground pressure dan load capacity
Climate and Weather

 Working site condition: muddy, slippert

 Creating Sticky material  carry back
 Need to improve dewatering
 Effecting working productivity and efficiency

 Dusty and lowering visibility

 High temperature
 Overheat machinery
Altitude

 The location of working site respective to the sea level

feet

9000

Hc = Ho (Ps/Po)√To/Ts

5000

T << 4000
P << 3000
O2 Content <<
2000
Horse power decreased turun 3 % every 1000
1000 feet gain except the first 1000 feet
Haul road

 Grade
 The more grade of the hauling road  the more grade resistance will be
 For temporary working hauling road, it is recommended <15%

 Distance
 Distance from loading to dumping point  will effect the rate of production
 Distance from service center  maintenance-wise
 Road Condition
 Road Surface : compacted, level, dry, hard?
Operating Efficiency

Productive Working Hours

 Operating Efficiency = -------------------------------------- x 100%
Available working hours

Obstacle need to be deal with:

1. Queuing time
2. Maintenance
3. Break down / Repairing
4. Climate effects
5. Human skill and awareness
Other requirements
• Finishing spesification
Requirement on job finishing
1. Re-Vegetation
2. Contouring
3. Compacting
4. Drainage or water management (run off direction, mud or acid water
formation)
5. Smoothing
6. Etc

This final condition should be prearranged on the job schedule and put them
on the planning. The consequences of these requirement will affect timeline,
equipment and cost
12. Operation and Field cost
 Fixed Cost: insurance, depreciation, tax, loan interest
 Operation Cost: worker salary, maintenance, spare part procurement, fuel, lubricant,
repairing cost
 Supervising cost
 Other cost: overhead cost, lobying, entertain