Topic for the class: ECE403: Cost Estimation of Civil Structures

Unit1 : Title: related terms in estimate

Date & Time :29-07-2021

Sri. Srinivasa Rao Gandupalli

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
GITAM Institute of Technology (GIT)
Visakhapatnam – 530045
Email: sgandupa@gitam.edu

Saturday, June 25, 2022 Department of Civil Engineering, GIT ECE449: Transportation Infrastructure Engineering: 1
 Example 1
• Prepare a preliminary estimate of a building project with a total plinth
area of all buildings of 1500 sq.m Given that
i. Plinth area rate – Rs. 950 per sq.m Video Box Position

ii. Extra for special Architectural treatment – 1.5% of building cost

iii. Extra for water supply and sanitary installation- 5% of the building
cost
iv. Extra for internal installations 14 % of the building cost
v. Extra for services – 6% of the building cost
vi. Contingencies -3%
vii. Supervision charges -8%
 Example 1- Solution
Amount (Rs,)

Building Cost 1500 sq.m x 950 per sq.m 14,25,000

special Architectural 1.5% 21,375

treatment Video Box Position
water supply and sanitary 5% 71,250
installation
internal installations 14% 1,99,500

Other services 6% 85,500

Total 18,02,625

Contingencies 3% 54,078

Supervision charges 8% 1,44,210

Grand Total 20,00,913

 Example 2
• Prepare a preliminary estimate of a building having carpet area of 2000 sq.m.
it may be assumed that 30% of built up area will be taken up by the corridors,
staircases and 10% of built up area will be occupied by walls, Given that Video Box Position
i. Plinth area rate – Rs. 950 per sq.m
ii. Extra due to deep foundation at site– 1% of building cost
iii. Extra for special Architectural treatment – 0.5% of building cost
iv. Extra for water supply and sanitary installation- 6% of the building cost Plinth area or built-up area=
v. Extra for internal installations 12.5 % of the building cost carpet area+ 30% (plinth area)
+10%(plinth area)
vi. Extra for services – 5% of the building cost
vii. Contingencies -2.5% X=2000+0.3x+0.1x
X=2000/0.6= 3333.33 sq.m
viii. Supervision charges -8%
 Example 2- Solution
Amount

Plinth area 3333.33 sq.m

Building Cost 3333.33 x 950 31,66,663.5

deep foundation at site 1% 31,666.635

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special Architectural 0.5% 15833.32
treatment
water supply and sanitary 6% 1,89,999.81
installation
internal installations 12.5% 3,95,832.93

Other services 5% 1,58,333.17

Total 39,58,329.36

Contingencies 2.5% 98,958.23

Supervision charges 8% 3,16,666.34

Grand Total 43,73,953.93

 Types of errors in Estimation
1. Omissions
2. Wrong Assumptions
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3. Inadequate Allowances
4. Price Changes
5. Unclear Plans and Specs
6. Cost-Plus Bids
7. Hidden or Concealed Conditions
8. Construction or Design Errors
9. Design Changes
1. Omissions: These are items accidentally left out of the estimate –
either soft costs (permits, fees, etc.) or hard construction costs.
Omissions may be due to items missing from the plans and specs that Video Box Position
were, therefore, not included in the estimate and bid.
2. Wrong assumptions: These are items that you assumed were
covered under a contractor’s or subcontractor’s bid, but aren’t. Or
you may have assumed that a standard septic system would be
approved, but a Rs. 30,000 mound system is required.
3. Inadequate allowances: You may get an estimate from a contractor
or subcontractor with a material allowance that’s too low, a very
common problem.
4. Price changes: Material cost or labor costs may rise between the
estimate and the project.
5. Novel materials/techniques: Every new material or building Video Box Position

technique has a learning curve. Even allowing a little extra time, you
may find that it takes a lot longer than planned.
6. Unclear or incomplete plans and specifications: The absence of clear
plans leaves much room for disagreement about what, exactly, was
bid on. This can lead to change orders and extra costs for extra work.
7. Cost-plus bids: Unless you have a guaranteed maximum, the final
cost is unknown, and often more than you estimated.
8. Job-site surprises: Hidden conditions (insect damage or wood
decay in remodeling, underground ledge or water problems,
etc.). In some cases, these could and should have been Video Box Position
detected by more diligent investigation.
9. Construction/design errors: If you build something wrong,
have to tear it out and build it again, you may be able to get
someone else to pay – the architect, a sub, a supplier – but
most likely you’ll end up paying for it twice.
10. Owner changes: You, the owner, may decide to use better
windows, roofing, flooring, etc., during the project; or decide
to move walls, windows, etc., after installation.
TERMS IN ESTIMATION
 Sub-Head of Items of Work
• In working estimates, this term is used to describe the sub-divisions into which the
total cost of work is divided.
• Each sub head of the estimate is grouped from similar item of works.
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• Example
‒ Woodwork
‒ Earthwork:
‒Excavation ‒ Steelwork
‒Filling ‒ Plastering or Pointing
‒Dressing
‒ Flooring
‒Plinth filling
‒Surface dressing ‒ Finishing
‒ Concrete work ‒ Water supply and Sanitary works
‒ Brickwork ‒ Electrical works
‒ Stone work
‒ Roofing
 Sub-work
• In the case of a large work consisting of several buildings or small works
or groups thereof or distinct unit each of them is termed as sub-work.
• For example a College building may consist of several distinct units, Video Box Position

such as
A. Main building,
B. Work-shop and Laboratories,
C. Hostel
D. Staff Quarters,
E. Internal roads,
F. Compound wall
Summary of Estimated Cost or General Abstract of
Cost
• When the whole work of project consists of number of works
or sub-works detailed estimate and abstracted estimated cost Video Box Position

are prepared for each sub-work separately, and at the end a

summary of Estimated Cost or General Abstract of Cost is
prepared for the whole work or project.
 Complete Set of Estimate
• Detailed estimate is prepared in standard forms and the complete
set of estimate consist of :-
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i. Title page giving name of the Engineering Department , division, district
of sub-division, Estimate number, Name of Work and Amount of
estimate.
ii. Index of contents and plan of drawings
iii. Report
iv. Design calculations
v. General specifications
vi. Detailed specifications
 Complete Set of Estimate
vii. Analysis of rates if requires
viii. Details of measurements and calculation of quantities
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ix. Abstract of estimated cost
x. General abstract of cost
xi. Drawings- plans, elevations, detailed drawing. Site plan, index plan, etc.

• At the end of summary of estimate cost there should be signature

of the AE, EE and SE, and on the back page head of account should
be given
 Schedule of Rates

• Schedule of rates is a list of rates of various items of works. To

facilitate the preparation of estimates, and also to serve as a Video Box Position

guide in setting rates in connection with contract agreements,

a schedule of rates for all items of work is maintained in
Engineering Department in the form of a printed books known
as “schedule of Rate Books”