Module-1 - ECE403-CECS - Types of Estimates

Topic for the class: ECE403: Cost Estimation of Civil Structures
Unit1 : Title: Estimate, Data for Estimate, Types of Estimate

Date & Time :23-07-2021,24-07-2021
Sri. Srinivasa Rao Gandupalli

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
GITAM Institute of Technology (GIT)
Visakhapatnam – 530045
Email: sgandupa@gitam.edu
Saturday, June 25, 2022 Department of Civil Engineering, GIT ECE449: Transportation Infrastructure Engineering: 1
Estimate
• An estimate is the anticipated or probable cost of a work
and usually prepared before the construction is taken up.
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• The estimate is prepared by computing the quantities
required and then calculating the cost at suitable rates,
to get expenditure likely to be incurred in the
construction of the work or structure.
• The actual cost is known only after the completion of the
work from the account of the completed work
Saturday, June 25, 2022 Department of Civil Engineering, GIT ECE449: Transportation Infrastructure Engineering 2
Estimate
• If the estimate is prepared carefully and correctly there will not
be much difference in between the estimated cost and the
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actual cost.
• The estimate may be prepared approximately as a preliminary
estimate by various methods without going into detail of the
different items of work.
• For detailed estimate the work is divided into different items of
work, and the quantities under each item taken out and then an
‘Abstract of estimated cost’ is prepared at suitable rates
Estimate
• Provision for contingencies , 3% to 5% of the estimated cost, is
made in the estimate to cover miscellaneous petty expenditure
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which do not comes under any item of work
• Provision is also made in the estimate for work charged
establishment at 1.5% to 2% of the estimated cost.
• From the detailed estimate the quantities of various materials
and labour required may also be calculated.
• The estimate also gives an idea of the time required for the
completion of the work.
Estimate
• For the complete estimate of project, besides the estimated
cost of different items of main work, the cost of
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– preliminary works and surveying,
– cost of land including cost of acquisition,

– cost of levelling and dressing of ground and
– cost of external services are required to be provided in the estimate.
• Provision of supervision or departmental charges 5% to 10%

of the estimated cost also made to get the estimated cost
of the whole project
Data for Estimate
• To make out an estimate for a work the following data
are necessary
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– Drawing (Plans, Section etc)
– Specifications, and
– Rates
Drawings
• Plan, sectional elevations, and detailed drawings to
scale, fully dimensioned are required.
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• Usually drawn to a scale of 1cm = 1m and detailed

drawings are prepared to scale of 1cm=10cm to
1cm=30cm
Specifications
• General specifications of Brief specifications- help to
form a general idea of the whole building or structure
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and are useful in preparing the detailed estimate
• Detailed specifications- detailed specification describe

every item of work separately, in detail and are helpful
for the execution of the different items of work
Rates
• The rates per unit of various items of work, the rates of
various materials to be used in the construction, and the
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wages of different categories of labour, skilled or unskilled as
mason, carpenter…etc., available for preparing estimate.
• The location of the work and its distance from the source of
materials and the cost of transportation should be known.
• These rates may be obtained from P.W.D Schedule of Rate
book.
Different Types of Estimates
1. Preliminary Estimate or Approximate or Abstract Estimate or
Rough Cost Estimate
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2. Plinth Area Estimate
3. Cube Rate Estimate
4. Approximate Quantity method estimate
5. Revised estimate
6. Supplementary estimate
7. Supplementary and revised estimate
8. Annual repair or maintenance estimate
Preliminary Estimate or Approximate or
Abstract Estimate
• Required for preliminary studies of various aspects of a work
or project, to decide the financial position and policy
administrative sanction by the competent administrative Video Box Position
authority.
• The approximate estimate is prepared from the practical
knowledge and cost of the similar works.
• the estimate is prepared showing approximate cost of all
important items of work as cost of land, cost of each building,
cost of roads, water supply sanitary works, electrification etc.
Preliminary Estimate or Approximate or
Abstract Estimate
• For Buildings
– Per unit basis- approximate cost of a 100 bed hospital @
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Rs. 50,000/- per bed comes to Rs. 50lakhs
• Roads and highways
– Per kilometre basis- For 10 kilometre of a state highway
approximate cost @ Rs. 5,00,000/- per 1 km works out as
Rs. 50 lakhs
Plinth Area Estimate
• This is prepared on the basis of plinth area of building, the
cost being deducted from the cost of similar building
having similar specification, height and construction, in the Video Box Position
locality.
• Courtyard and other open area should not be included in
the plinth area.
• The approx. cost of building having plinth area of 100 sq.m
@Rs. 900/- per sq.m works out as Rs. 90,000/-
• For storeyed building, the plinth area estimate is prepared
for each storey seperately
Cube Rate Estimate
• It is a preliminary estimate or an approximate estimate, and is
prepared on the basis of the cubical contents of the building the
cube rate being deducted from the cost of similar building having Video Box Position
similar specification, height and construction, in the locality.
• This is calculated by finding the cubical content of the building,
(length x breadth x height) and multiplied it by the cube rate.
• The length and breadth should be taken as the external
dimensions of the buildings at the floor level and height should
be taken from the floor level to top of roof
Approximate Quantity Method Estimate
• In this method approximate total length of walls is found in running
meter and this total length multiplied by the rate per running meter.
• For this method the structure may be divided into two parts i) Video Box Position
foundation including plinth and ii) superstructure
• For foundation, approx. quantities of items such as excavation,
foundation, brickwork upto plinth, and DPC are calculated per
running meter
• Similarly for superstructure running meter determined from the
approx. quantities of brickwork, woodworks, roofs, floor finishing etc.
Detailed Estimate or Item Rate Estimate
• It is an accurate estimate and consists of working out the
quantities of each items of works and working the cost.
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• The dimensions length, breadth and height of each items
are taken out correctly from the drawing and quantities of
each items are calculated , and abstracting and billing are
done.
• Prepared in 2 stages
– Details of Measurements and calculation of Quantities
– Abstract of Estimated cost
Revised Estimate
• Revised estimate is a detailed estimate and is required to be prepared
under any one of the following circumstances
i. When the original sanctioned estimate is exceeded or likely to exceed

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by more than 5%
ii. When the expenditure on a work exceeds or likely to exceed the

amount of administrative sanction by more than 10%
iii. When there are material deviation from the original proposal, even
though the cost may be met from the sanctioned amount
• This estimate accompanied by a comparative statement showing the
variations of each item of works, its quantity, rate and cost under original
and revised, side by side, the excess or saving and reason for variation
Supplementary Estimate
• It is a detailed estimate and is prepared when additional
works are required to supplement the original works, or
when further development is required during the progress Video Box Position
of work.
• This is a fresh detailed estimate of the additional works in
addition to the original estimate.
• The abstract should show the amount of the original
estimate and the total amount including the
supplementary amount for which sanction is required
Supplementary and Revised Estimate
• When a work is partially abandoned and the estimated cost of
the remaining work is less than 95% of the original sanctioned
estimate or when there are material deviations and changes in Video Box Position
the design which may cause substantial saving in the estimate,
then the amount of the original estimate is revised by the
competent authority.
• If at any time either before or during the execution of original
work, it is found that the original estimate is excessive, then the
Divisional officer may sanction a revised estimate of reduced
amount.
Annual Repair or Maintenance Estimate
• It is a detailed estimate and is prepared to maintain the
structure or work in proper order and safe condition.
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• For building; this include white washing, colour washing,
painting, minor repairs etc.
• For road works the A.R. estimate provides for patch
repairing, renewals, repairs of bridges and culverts, etc.
• Further there may be special repair estimate, monsoon
damage repair estimate, etc.
Contingencies
• Contingencies indicates incidental expenses of miscellaneous
character which cannot be classified under any distinct item
sub-head, yet pertain to the work as a whole. Video Box Position
• It is an estimate a certain amount in the form of

contingencies of 3% to 5% of estimated cost.
• If there is any saving against the amount provided under
contingencies, it may be utilised to meet the expenses of
extra items of work, if any unforeseen, expenditure,
expenses to minor changes in design
Work-charged Establishment
• It is the establishment which is charged to works directly.
For a project a certain number of work-supervisors and
others are required to be employed, their salaries are paid Video Box Position
from amount of work-charged establishment.

• 1.5% to 2% of the estimated cost is included estimate.
• These employees are temporary, their services are
terminated after sanction period.
Tools and Plants
• For big work or project a percentage of 1% to 1.5% of the
estimated cost is provided in the estimate for the purchase
of Tools & Plants which will be required for the execution of Video Box Position
the work.
• Normally the contractor has to arrange and use his own
tools and plants
•
Centage Charges or Departmental
Charges
• When the engineering department takes up the work of
other department a percentage amount of 10% to 15% of
the estimated cost is charged to meet the expenses of Video Box Position
establishment, designing, planning, supervisors, etc.

• The centage charges is also made on contributory and
deposit works of local bodies, private persons and others.
• These charges are also known as supervision charges of
the work

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Topic for the class: ECE403: Cost Estimation of Civil Structures

Unit1 : Title: Estimate, Data for Estimate, Types of Estimate

Sri. Srinivasa Rao Gandupalli

– cost of land including cost of acquisition,

• Provision of supervision or departmental charges 5% to 10%

• Usually drawn to a scale of 1cm = 1m and detailed

• Detailed specifications- detailed specification describe

3. Cube Rate Estimate

4. Approximate Quantity method estimate

8. Annual repair or maintenance estimate

– Abstract of Estimated cost

i. When the original sanctioned estimate is exceeded or likely to exceed

ii. When the expenditure on a work exceeds or likely to exceed the

• It is an estimate a certain amount in the form of

from amount of work-charged establishment.

establishment, designing, planning, supervisors, etc.

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