MANUFACTURING PROCESSES-I

UNIT-VI
CENTRE LATHE
UNIT VI: CENTRE LATHE
 Introduction to centre lathe, types of lathe,

 construction and working of lathe,

 attachments and accessories,

 various operations on lathe,

 taper turning and thread cutting methods (numerical),

 machining time calculation (numerical)

 INTRODUCTION OF LATHE
 Oldest machine tool invented, starting with Egyptian tree lathe
 The lathe is a machine tool used principally for shaping
articles of metal, wood, or other material.
 All lathes, except the vertical turret type, have one thing in
common for all usual machining operations; the work piece is
held and rotated around a horizontal axis while being formed
to size and shape by a cutting tool.
 Principal capabilities of the lathe are forming straight, tapered,
or irregularly outlined cylinders, facing or radial turning
cylindrical sections, cutting screw threads, and boring or
enlarging internal diameters.
 The typical lathe provides a variety of rotating speeds and
suitable manual and automatic controls for moving the cutting
tool.
LATHE MAJOR PARTS

Head Stock
Tail Stock

Bed

Feed/Lead Screw Carriage

Block diagram of Center Lathe
IMPORTANT PARTS OF A LATHE, CONSTRUCTION OF
LATHE
1. Bed
2. Headstock
3. Spindle
4. Tailstock
5. Carriage
 a. Saddle
 b. Apron
 c. Cross-slide
 d. Compound rest
 e. Compound slide
 f. Tool post
6. Feed mechanism
7. Lead screw
8. Feed rod
9. Thread cutting mechanism
 1. LATHE BED
Heavy, rugged casting
Made to support working
parts.
It forms the base of the machine.

 It is made of cast iron and its top

surface is machined accurately and
precisely.

 Headstock of the lathe is located

at the extreme left of the bed and
the tailstock at the right extreme.

Carriage is positioned in between

the headstock and tailstock and
slides on the bed guide ways.

8
 2. HEADSTOCK

 Headstock is mounted permanently

on the inner guide ways at the left
hand side of the bed.
 The headstock houses a hollow
spindle and the mechanism for
driving the spindle at multiple
speeds.
 The headstock will have any of the
following arrangements for driving
and altering the spindle speeds
 (i) Stepped cone pulley drive

 (ii) Back gear cone pulley drive

drive
 (iii) All gear drive
STEP CONE PULLEY DRIVE

 It is simple in construction. The belt is arranged on the four different steps

of the cone pulley to obtain four different speeds.
 A step cone pulley is attached with the spindle contained within the
headstock casting.
 The cone pulley has four steps (A, B, C & D). Another cone pulley having
four steps (E, F, G and H) is placed parallel to the spindle cone pulley.
 Both the cone pulleys are connected by a flat belt. The belt can be arranged
between the steps A & H, B & G, C & F and D & E. The cone pulley at the
bottom is connected to the electric motor by a ‘V’belt. So the cone pulley at
the bottom rotates at a particular speed.
 The spindle speed is increased if the belt is placed on the smaller step of the
driven pulley.
 The spindle speed will be maximum when the belt is arranged between A &
H and the speed will be minimum when the belt is arranged between D &
E.
 (ii) Back gear cone pulley drive
 3. SPINDLE

 The spindle rotates on two large bearings housed on the

headstock casting.
 A hole extends through the spindle so that a long bar stock
may be passed through the hole.
 The front end of the spindle is threaded on which chucks,
faceplate, driving plate and catch plate are screwed.
 The front end of the hole is tapered to receive live center
which supports the work.
 On the other side of the spindle, a gear known as a spindle
gear is fitted.
 Through this gear, tumbler gears and a main gear train, the
power is transmitted to the gear on the lead screw.
 SETTING SPEEDS ON A LATHE

 Belt-driven lathe

Various speeds obtained by changing flat belt

and back gear drive

 All
Geared-headstock lathe
Speeds changed by moving speed levers into
proper positions according to rev/min chart
fastened to headstock
 QUICK-CHANGE
GEARBOX(FEEDBOX)

 Contains number of
different-size gears
 Provides feed rod and lead-
screw with various speeds
for turning and thread-
cutting
 Feed rod advances
carriage when automatic
feed lever engaged
 Lead screw advances the
carriage for thread-
cutting operations when
split-nut lever engaged
4. TAILSTOCK
 Tailstock is located on the inner guide ways at the right side of the bed opposite
to the headstock.
 The body of the tailstock is bored and houses the tailstock spindle or ram. The
spindle moves front and back inside the hole.
 The spindle has a taper hole to receive the dead centre or shanks of tools like
drill or reamer. In order to hold workpieces of different lengths, the tailstock can
be locked at any desired position on the lathe bed.

The uses of tailstock

 1. It supports the other end of the long workpieces when it is machined between
centers.
 2. It is useful in holding tools like drills, reamers and taps when performing
drilling, reaming and tapping.
 3. The dead centre is off set by a small distance from the axis of the lathe to turn
tapers by set over method.
 4. It is useful in setting the cutting tool at correct height aligning the cutting
edge with lathe axis.
 5. CARRIAGE
 Carriage is located between the headstock and tailstock on the
lathe bed guide ways.
 It can be moved along the bed either towards or away from the
headstock. It has several parts to support, move and control the
cutting tool.
 The parts of the carriage are
 a) apron
 b) saddle
 c) cross-slide
 d) compound rest
 e) compound slide
 f) tool post
A) Apron
Fastened to saddle
Houses gears and mechanism required to
move carriage or cross-slide automatically
Locking-off lever inside apron prevents
engaging split-nut lever and automatic feed
lever at same time
Apron hand wheel turned manually to move
carriage along lathe bed
b) Saddle
 It is an “H” shaped casting.
It connects the pair of bed
guide ways like a bridge.

 It fits over the bed and slides

along the bed between
headstock and tailstock.

 The saddle or the entire

carriage can be moved by
providing hand feed or
automatic feed.
C) Cross slide
 Cross-slide is situated on the saddle and slides on the
dovetail guide ways at right angles to the bed guide
ways.
 It carries compound rest, compound slide and tool post.
d) Compound rest

 Compound rest is a part which connects cross slide and

compound slide.
 It is mounted on the cross-slide by tongue and groove joint.

 It has a circular base on which angular graduations are

marked.
 The compound rest can be swiveled to the required angle while
turning tapers.
 A top slide known as compound slide is attached to the
compound rest by dove tail joint.
 The tool post is situated on the compound slide.
 6. TOOL POST
 This is located on top of the compound slide. It is used to hold
the tools rigidly.
 Tools are selected according to the type of operation and
mounted on the tool post and adjusted to a convenient working
position.
 There are different types of tool posts and they are:
 1. Single screw tool post
 2. Four way tool post
a) Single screw tool post
 The tool is held by a screw in this tool post.

 It consists of a round bar with a slotted hole in the centre for

fixing the tool by means of a setscrew.
 A concave ring and a convex rocker are used to set the height of
the tool point at the right position.
 The tool fits on the flat top surface of the rocker. The tool post is
not rigid enough for heavy works as only one clamping screw is
used to clamp the tool.
b) Four way tool post
 This type of tool post can accommodate four tools at a time on the
four open sides of the post.
 The tools are held in position by separate screws and a locking
bolt is located at the centre.
 Machining can be completed in a shorter time because the required
tools are pre-set.
7. Lead screw

 The lead screw is a long threaded shaft used as master screw.

 It is brought into operation during thread cutting to move the carriage to
a calculated distance.
 Mostly lead screws are Acme threaded.

 The lead screw is held by two bearings on the face of the bed. A gear is
attached to the lead screw and it is called as gear on lead screw.
 A half nut lever is provided in the apron to engage half nuts with the
lead screw.
 lead screw is used to move the carriage towards and away from the
headstock during thread cutting.
8. Feed rod
 Feed rod is placed parallel to the lead screw on the front side of the bed.
It is a long shaft which has a keyway along its length.
 The power is transmitted from the spindle to the feed rod through
tumbler gears and a gear train.
 SPECIFICATIONS OF LATHE

(1) Maximum Length of Workpiece that can be held

between Centers

(2) swing over bed

(3) swing over carriage

Maximum Diameter of Workpiece that can be machined=

SWING
SPECIFICATIONS OF LATHE
Swing over bed
Workpiece Length
Swing over carriage
SPECIFICATIONS OF LATHE
3. Length overall
4. Width overall
5. Height overall
6. Spindle speed
7. Hole through spindle
 Types of Lathes

 Centre (engine)lathe
 Bench lathe
 Speed lathe
 Tool room lathe
 Automatic lathe/automats
 Capstan & turret lathe
 CNC lathe
 Engine Lathe / center lathe
 The most common form of lathe, motor driven and
comes in large variety of sizes and shapes.
 Bench Lathe
 A bench top model usually of low power used to
make precision machine small work pieces.
 Speed Lathe
 a lathe that has the ability to run at high speed for
machining.
 Automatic Lathe
 A lathe in which the work piece is automatically fed and
removed without use of an operator. Cutting operations are
automatically controlled by a sequencer of some form.

 Capstan and Turret Lathe

 lathe which have multiple tools mounted , which allows for
quick changes in tooling and cutting operations.

 Computer Numerical Controlled Lathe

 A highly automated lathe, where both cutting, loading, tool
changing, and part unloading are automatically controlled
by computer coding.
No Centre lathe Capstan/turret lathe
1 It is a manually It is a semi automatic lathe
operated lathe
2 It has only one tool Front and rear tool posts are
post available.
3 It has tail stock It has turret head instead of
tail stock
4 Only one tool can be Six different tools can be
fitted in the tail stock fitted in the turret head.
5 Number of speeds Number of speeds is more
is less
6 Tool changing time Tool changing time is less
is more
7 Tool can not be Tool can be changed without
changed without stopping the machine
stopping the machine
8 It is not suitable for It is suitable for mass
mass production production

9 No feed stops to The tools are controlled by

control the tool feed stops
10 The tool is centered The tool is centered
manually after automatically
changing the tool
11 Only one operation is More than one operation
done at a time can be done at a time
 WORK HOLDING DEVICES/ ACCESSORIES OF
LATHE
 The work holding devices are used to hold and rotate the
workpieces along with the spindle.
 Different work holding devices are used according to the
shape, length, diameter and weight of the workpieces and the
location of turning on the work.

 1. Chucks
 2. Face plate

 3. Driving plate

 4. Catch plate

 5. Carriers

 6. Mandrels

 7. Centers

 8. Rests
 1 CHUCKS
 Workpieces of short length, large diameter and irregular
shapes, which can not be mounted between centres, are held
quickly and rigidly in chuck.

 There are different types of chucks namely,

 Three jaw universal chuck,
 Four jaw independent chuck,
 Magnetic chuck,
 Collet chuck and
Three jaw self-centering chuck

The three jaws fitted in the three slots

may be made to slide at the same time by
an equal amount by rotating any one of the
three pinions by a chuck key.

This type of chuck is suitable for

holding and rotating regular shaped
workpieces like round or hexagonal rods
about the axis of the lathe.

Workpieces of irregular shapes cannot

be held by this chuck.

The work is held quickly and easily as

the three jaws move at the same time
Four jaw independent chuck

 There are four jaws in this chuck. Each jaw

is moved independently by rotating a screw
with the help of a chuck key.

 A particular jaw may be moved according

to the shape of the work. Hence this type of
chuck can hold woks of irregular shapes.

 But it requires more time to set the work

aligned with the lathe axis. Experienced
turners can set the work about the axis
quickly.

 Concentric circles are inscribed on the face

of the chuck to enable quick centering of
the workpiece.
Magnetic chuck

 The holding power of this chuck is

obtained by the magnetic flux radiating
from the electromagnet placed inside
the chuck.

 Magnets are adjusted inside the chuck

to hold or release the work.

 Workpieces made of magnetic material

only are held in this chuck.

 Very small, thin and light works which

can not be held in a ordinary chuck are
held in this chuck.
Collet chuck
 Collet chuck has a
cylindrical bushing known
as collet.
 It is made of spring steel
and has slots cut lengthwise
on its circumference. So, it
holds the work with more
grip.
 Collet chucks are used in
capstan lathes and
automatic lathes for
holding bar stock in
production work.
2 Face plate
 Faceplate is used to hold large,
heavy and irregular shaped
workpieces which can not be
conveniently held between
centres.
 It is a circular disc bored out
and threaded to fit to the nose
of the lathe spindle.
 It is provided with radial plain
and ‘T’ – slots for holding the
work by bolts and clamps.
3 Driving plate
 The driving plate is used
to drive a workpieces
when it is held between
centers.
 It is a circular disc
screwed to the nose of the
lathe spindle.
 It is provided with small
bolts or pins on its face.
 Workpieces fitted inside
straight tail carriers are
held and rotated by
driving plates.
4 Catch plate
 When a workpiece is held
between centres, the catch
plate is used to drive it.
 It is a circular disc bored and
threaded at the centre.
 Catch plates are designed
with ‘U’ – slots or elliptical
slots to receive the bent tail
of the carrier.
 Positive drive between the
lathe spindle and the
workpieces is effected when
the workpieces fitted with
the carrier fits into the slot of
the catch plate.
5 Carrier
 When a workpieces is held and machined between centers, carriers are
useful in transmitting the driving force of the spindle to the work by
means of driving plates and catch plates.
 The work is held inside the eye of the carrier and tightened by a screw.

 Carriers are of two types and they are :

1. Straight tail carrier 2. Bent tail carrier

6 Mandrel
 A previously drilled or bored workpiece is held on a mandrel to
be driven in a lathe and machined.
 There are centre holes provided on both faces of the mandrel.

 The live centre and the dead centre fit into the centre holes. A
carrier is attached at the left side of the mandrel. The mandrel
gets the drive either through a catch plate or a driving plate.
 The workpiece rotates along with the mandrel. There are several
types of mandrels and they are:
 1. Plain mandrel 5. Collar mandrel
 2. Step mandrel 6. Cone mandrel
 3. Gang mandrel 7. Expansion mandrel

W o rk p ie c e M a n d re l
7 Centres
 Centres are useful in holding the work in a lathe between centres. The
shank of a centre has Morse taper on it and the face is conical in shape.
 There are two types of centres namely
 (i) Live centre
 (ii) Dead centre

 The live centre is fitted on the headstock spindle and rotates with the
work.
 The centre fitted on the tailstock spindle is called dead centre. It is
useful in supporting the other end of the work.
 Centres are made of high carbon steel and hardened and then tempered.

H e a d s to c k c e n te r T a ils to c k c e n te r
(L iv e C e n tre ) (D e a d C e n tre )

W o rk p ie c e
8 Rests
 A rest is a mechanical device to support a long slender workpiece
when it is turned between centres or by a chuck.
 It is placed at some intermediate point to prevent the workpiece
from bending due to its own weight and vibrations setup due to
the cutting force.
 1. Steady rest 2. Follower rest

Jaw s
W o rk W o rk Jaw s
H in g e

C arriag e

L ath e b ed g u id ew ay s
OPERATIONS PERFORMED ON A LATHE

1. Facing 8. Eccentric turning

2. Turning 9. Taper turning
a. Straight turning 10.Thread cutting
b. Step turning 11. Drilling
3. Chamfering 12. Reaming
4. Grooving 13. Boring
5. Forming 14. Tapping
6. Knurling
7. Undercutting
FACING
machine end of job  Flat surface or to Reduce Length of
Job
Cutting Tool: Turning Tool
Feed: in direction perpendicular to workpiece axis
Length of Tool Travel = radius of workpiece
Depth of Cut: in direction parallel to workpiece axis

Chuck Workpiece
d
Machined
Face
Cutting
speed Depth of
cut
Tool Feed
 Turning
 Machine length of job to reduce diameter of Job
 Cutting Tool: Turning Tool
 Feed: in direction parallel to workpiece axis
 Depth of Cut: in direction perpendicular to work- piece axis

Workpiece
Cutting
speed Depth of cut (d)
N
Machined
surface
Chuck Feed Chip
Tool
Depth of cut
ECCENTRIC TURNING AND TAPER TURNING

4-jaw Axis of job

chuck

Axis of lathe

Cutting Eccentric peg

speed (to be turned)

Workpiece Taper


Form Direction
Straight of feed
cutting edge tool
 CHAMFERING

 Beveling sharp machined edges

 Similar to form turning
 Chamfering tool – 45°
 To
 Avoid Sharp Edges
 Make Assembly Easier
 Improve Asthetics Chamfer

Feed
Chamferingtool
GROOVING AND FORMING

Produces a Groove on workpiece

Shape of tool  shape of groove
Carried out using Grooving Tool
 KNURLING
 Produce rough textured surface
 For Decorative and/or Functional Purpose

 Cutting tool-Knurling Tool

 A Forming Process
 MRR~0

Knurled surface
Cutting
speed
Feed Movement
for depth
Knurling tool
Tool post
7 Undercutting
Undercutting is done (i) at the end of a hole
 (ii) near the shoulder of stepped cylindrical surfaces

 (iii) at the end of the threaded portion in bolts

 It is a process of enlarging the diameter if done internally

and reducing the diameter if done externally over a short
length.
 It is useful mainly to make fits perfect. Boring tools and
parting tools are used for this operation

Feed
Partingtool
DRILLING
Cutting tool – Drill –which is held in tail stock – feed &
depth of cut from Tail stock

Quill
Drill clamp moving
quill
Tail stock
Feed
Tail stock clamp
FEED MECHANISM IN LATHE MACHINE
 There are number of feed mechanisms used in lathe machine in
which each has unique function.
 Feed mechanisms comprises of
 reverse mechanism,
 change gear quadrant,
 quick change gearbox,
 lead screw, feed rod and apron.

 Reverse mechanism is used to change the direction of carriage

either from headstock to tailstock or vice versa.
 Change gear quadrant with quick change gear box is used to
provide us different feed rates to lead screw and feed rod.
 TUMBLER GEAR MECHANISM
 The sole purpose to use tumbler gear mechanism is to reverse
the direction of lead screw and feed rod automatically.
 We use tumbler gear mechanism when we want to do thread
cutting or to provide automatic feeding.

Talking about the construction of

tumbler gear mechanism, E gear is
attached to the spindle and known as
spindle gear. The purpose of this gear
is to rotate feed rod and lead screw in
clockwise direction. A and B are
tumbler gears and are fitted in a
bracket. The lever M placed in the
bracket can move upward or
downward.
 In the construction of the mechanism, we have gear D known
as stud gear connected to lead screw by intermediate gears.
 In terms of working, we have two different positions. For
position 1, the lever M is in upward position and gear A
connects with stud gear D and spindle gear E.
 This arrangement will move carriage towards headstock. On
the other hand, in case of position 2, lever will be in the
horizontal position and gear E will connect with gear B, then
B to A and A to D.
 With this arrangement, lead screw direction will reverse and
this time, it will move in the anti-clockwise direction and
carriage will move towards tailstock.
 If we want to give manual feed then lever should be in the
middle position which will make sure that the gears are not
engaged
APRON MECHANISM
 Apron is attached to the carriage and hangs over the
front side of the lathe bed.
 It is useful in providing power and hand feed to both
carriage and cross-slide.
 It is also used to provide power feed to the carriage
during thread cutting through two half nuts.
CONSTRUCTION
 Power is transmitted from the spindle to the lead screw and feed rod through the
spindle gear and tumbler gear arrangement. A worm is mounted on the feed rod by a
sliding key.
 The worm meshes with a worm gear on whose axis another gear G1 is attached.
 Gear G1 is attached to a small gear G2 by a bracket as shown in the diagram.
 Gear G4 is positioned to be in mesh with the rack gear always. Another gear G3 is
mounted on the same axis of gear G4.
 The carriage hand wheel meant for longitudinal feed is attached to the gear G5 on
the same axis.
 The gears G3 and G5 are always in mesh. The gear G6 is attached to the cross slide
screw.
 The feed selection lever can be kept in neutral, up and down positions to obtain the
following movements.
1. Hand feed and power feed to the carriage
2. Hand feed and power feed to the cross slide

Power feed to the carriage
When feed selection lever is kept in up
position (U), the gear G2 will mesh with gear
G3. Gear G4 gets rotation through gear G3
and the carriage gets automatic (power) feed.
Power feed to the
carriage for thread
cutting
When the two half nuts in
the apron are made as one
unit, lead-screw makes the
carriage to move
automatically and cut
threads of required pitch
value.
Power feed to the cross slide
When the feed selection lever is kept in down
position (D), gear G2 will be in contact
with gear G6. The rotation of G6 will make the
cross slide screw also to rotate and the
cross-slide moves automatically.
ALL GEARED HEADSTOCK
 Modern lathes are equipped with all geared headstocks to obtain different spindle
speeds quickly.
 Casting of the all geared headstock has three shafts(1,2& 3) mounted within it.
 The intermediate shaft(2) has got three gears D, E and F as a single unit and rotate
at the same speeds.
 The splined shaft(1) which is above the intermediate shaft has got three gears
 A, B and C mounted on it by keys. These three gears can be made to slide on the
shaft with the help of a lever.
 This movement enables the gear A to have contact with the gear D or the gear B
with gear E or the gear C with the gear F.
 Likewise the spindle shaft(3) which is also splined has three gears G, H and I.
 With the help of a lever, these three gears can be made to slide on the shaft.
 This sliding movement enables the gear G to have contact with gear D or the gear
H with the gear E or the gear I with the gear F.
 By altering the positions of the six gears namely A, B, C, G, H and I the following
arrangements can be made within the headstock. Nine different spindle speeds are
obtained.
 TAPER TURNING

 A taper may be defined as a uniform increase or decrease

in diameter of a piece of work measured along its length.

Taper turning methods

1. Form tool method

2. Compound rest method
3. Tailstock set over method
4. Taper turning attachment method
5. Combined feed method
ELEMENTSTS OF TAPER
 Taper:Uniform increase or decrease in
diameter along length of workpiece
ELEMENTSTS OF TAPER

Conicity(k)  AB D1  D2
tan 
2 BC

2l

Taper angle(α/2) D1  D2
K
l

In British system taper is given as

TAPER PER INCH(TPI) D1  D2

TPI 
l
1. FORM TOOL METHOD
 A broad nose tool is ground to the required length and angle.
 It is set on the work by providing feed to the cross-slide.

 When the tool is fed into the work at right angles to the lathe
axis, a tapered surface is generated.
 This method is limited to turn short lengths of taper only. The
length of the taper is shorter than the length of the cutting edge.
 Less feed is given as the entire cutting edge will be in contact
with the work
2.COMPOUND REST METHOD
 The compound rest of the lathe is attached to a circular base
graduated in degrees, which may be swiveled and clamped at
any desired angle.
 The angle of taper is calculated using the formula

•The compound rest is

swiveled to the angle
calculated as above
and clamped. Feed is
given to the compound
slide to generate the
required taper
EXAMPLE1 (COMPOUND REST METHOD)
Determine the angle at which the compound rest would be
swiveled for cutting a taper on a workpiece having a length
of 150 mm and outside diameter 80 mm. The smallest
diameter on the tapered end of the rod should be 50 mm and
the required length of the tapered portion is 80 mm.

Given data: D1 = 80 mm, D2 = 50 mm, L = 80 mm (with usual

notations)
tan ( /2)= (80-50) / 280
or /2 = 10.620
The compound rest should be swiveled at 10.62o
3. TAILSTOCK SET OVER METHOD
 Turning taper by the set over method is done by shifting the axis of
rotation of the work piece at an angle to the lathe axis and feeding
the tool parallel to the lathe axis.
 The construction of tailstock is designed to have two parts namely
the base and the body.
 The base is fitted on the bed guide ways and the body having the
dead centre can be moved at cross to shift the lathe axis.
 The amount of set over - s, can be calculated as follows

If taper is turned on the entire length of workpiece ,then l=L

 The dead centre is suitably shifted from its original
position to the calculated distance.
 The work is held between centres and longitudinal
feed is given by the carriage to generate the taper.
 The advantage of this method is that the taper can be
turned to the entire length of the work. Taper threads
can also be cut by this method.
 The amount of set over being limited, this method is
suitable for turning small tapers (approx. upto 8°).
 Internal tapers cannot be done by this method.
EXAMPLE(2)
 Calculate the amount of off-set of tailstock for turning taper
on full length of job 100 mm long to have its two diameters as
50 mm & 40 mm.

 Given data: L=l= 100 mm

D1  D2
s  L 
2l
4. TAPER ATTACHMENT METHOD
 The taper attachment consists of a bracket which is attached to the rear end
of the lathe bed. It supports a guide bar pivoted at the centre.
 The bar having graduation in degrees may be swiveled on either side of
the zero graduation and set at the desired angle to the lathe axis. A guide
block is mounted on the guide bar and slides on it.
 The cross slide is made free from its screw by removing the binder screw.
The rear end of the cross slide is tightened with the guide block by means
of a bolt.
 When the longitudinal feed is engaged, the tool mounted on the cross slide
will follow the angular path as the guide block will slide on the guide bar
set at an angle of the lathe axis.
 The depth of cut is provided by the compound slide which is set parallel to
the cross-slide.
 The advantage of this method is that long tapers can be machined.

 The disadvantage of this method is that internal tapers cannot be machined.

5. Combined feed method
 Feed is given to the tool by the carriage and the cross-
slide at the same time to move the tool at resultant
direction to turn tapers.
THREAD CUTTING
Thread terminology
MACHINE SETTINGS FOR THREADING

 Selection of back gear for autofeed and slow

speed
 Engaging split nut
 Centering of thread tool
 Alignment of thread tool
 Direction of feed and depth of cut
 Thread chasing
 THREADING STEPS

 (1)Set the spindle speed at ¼ of turning speed

 (2)Select and set the back gear to give the auto feed to the
leadscrew and produce required value of pitch on the workpiece.
BACK GEAR SETUP FOR THREADING
SELECTION OF GEAR TRAIN

Simple gear train Compound gear train

GEAR RATIO

Z driver N leadsrew p job

G.R.   
Z driven N job pleadscrew

Gear ratio will decide (1)type of gear train and

(2)no. of teeth of driver and driven gears in the
required gear train
(3)Set the lever in downward to turn the
leadsrew in longitudinal direction
(4)CENTERING CUTTING TOOL
(5)CUTTING TOOL ALIGNMENT

for external thread for internal thread

 (6)Set the compound rest swung 30 for metric
thread.
 (7)Measure and mark the workpiece where
thread will end.
 (8)Manually set the carriage towards the right
end of workpiece.
 (9)Set the both compound rest and cross slide
collar to zero by touching the tool to workpiece.
(10)Engaging Half nut
(10)ENGAGING HALF NUT
(11) Start the threading cycle
(12)THREAD-CHASING

 Lathe spindle and

lead screw must be
in same relative
position for each cut

 Thread-chasing dial
attached to carriage for
this purpose

 Dial has eight divisions

 Even threads use any division
 Odd threads either numbered
or unnumbered: not both
110
FORM TURNING
Cutting speed, feed and depth
1 Cutting speed
 The cutting speed is the distance travelled by a point on the
outer surface of the work in one minute. It is expressed in
meters per minute.
2 Feed
 The feed of a cutting tool in a lathe work is the distance the tool
advances for each revolution of the work. Feed is expressed in
millimeters per revolution.
3 Depth of cut
 The depth of cut is the perpendicular distance measured from the
machined surface to the uncut surface of the workpieces. It is
expressed in millimeters.
 In a lathe, the depth of cut is expressed as follows

d1 – d2
Depth of cut = ————
2
Where ‘d1’ - diameter of the work surface before machining
‘d2’ - diameter of the machined surface
 MACHINING TIME CALCULATIONS
 A job of 55 mm diameter is to be reduced to 35 mm upto 100 mm .
Feed rate selected 0.2 mm/rev. and rotational speed of the machine is
400 rpm. Find the machining time required for this reduction if the
depth of cut is 1.5mm
Solution:
D1 = 55 mmm, D2= 35 mm, L = 100 mm,
s or f = 0.2 mm /rev N = 400 rpm ,
d= 1.5mm
 Material removed in one pass = d = 1.5

 Howmuch material is to be removed = machining allowance = (D1-

D2)/2
 = ( 55-35)/2
= 10 mm
No of passes = 10/1.5 = 6.66 = 7 passes
Machining time for one pass
fed per rev = 0.2 mm
Feed per min = 0.2 * 400
Length to be machined = 100 mm
Machining time = tm = ( length)/ feed per
min.
= 100/ ( 0.2 * 400)
= 1. 25 min.

Total machining time = Tm

= tm * no of passes
= 1.25 * 7
= 8.75 min