The generalized

measurement system
 The generalized measurement system

Auxiliary power
Auxiliary power
Calibration source
Source (optional) Indicator
signal

Transduced Intermediate Analogous

Detector- Signal Driving
Input Transducer Modifying signal Recorder
signal stage (analogous stage
to input)

Controller

Most measuring systems fall within the frame work of a generalized

system Consisting Of three stages namely
(1) A detector-transducer or sensor stage
(2) An intermediate modifying stage or signal conditioning stage
(3) A terminating or read-out stage, as shown in the block diagram
above.
Weight measurement system
The generalized measurement system
Stage-I-Detector Transducer stage: The important function
of this stage is to detect or to sense the input signal. At
the same time, it should be insensitive to every other
possible input signals. For ex, if it is a pressure signal, it
should be insensitive to acceleration.
Stage-II-Intermediate modifying stage: The function of this
stage is to modify the transduced information so that it is
acceptable to the third, or terminating stage. The
important function of this stage is to increase either
amplitude or power of the signal or both, to the level
required to drive the final terminating device.
In addition to the above, it is designed for proper
matching characteristics between the first & second and
between the second & third stages.
It also performs selective filtering, integration,
differentiation, etc. as required.
Stage III-Terminating stage
 This stage provides information in a form which can be
understood by the human senses or a controller.
 An example of a generalized measurement system is a
simple Bourdon tube pressure gauge.
 In this case, the pressure is sensed by a tube of elliptical
cross section which undergoes mechanical deformation.
(c/s tends to become circular)
 The gearing arrangement amplifies the displacement at
the end of the tube so that a relatively small
displacement of the tube end produces a greater
revolution of the center gear.
 The final indicator stage consists of a pointer and scale
arrangement, which when calibrated with known
pressure inputs, gives an indication of pressure signal
acting on the bourdon tube.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF GENERALIZED MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Components of Generalized Measurement System

 Primary Sensing Element

 Variable Conversion Element
 Variable Manipulation Element
 Data Processing Element
 Data Transmission System
 Data Presentation Element
Primary Sensing Element

 The primary sensing element receives

signal of the physical quantity to be
measured as input. It converts the signal to
a suitable form (electrical, mechanical or
other form), so that it becomes easier for
other elements of the measurement
system, to either convert or manipulate it.
Variable Conversion Element

 Variable conversion element converts

the output of the primary sensing
element to a more suitable form. It is
used only if necessary.
Variable Manipulation Element

 Variable manipulation element

manipulates and amplifies the output of
the variable conversion element. It also
removes noise (if present) in the signal.
Data Processing Element

 Data processing element is an important

element used in many measurement
systems. It processes the data signal
received from the variable manipulation
element and produces suitable output.
 Data processing element may also be used
to compare the measured value with a
standard value to produce required output.
Data Transmission System

 Data Transmission System is simply used

for transmitting data from one element to
another. It acts as a communication link
between different elements of the
measurement system. Some of the data
transmission elements used are cables,
wireless antennae, transducers, telemetry
systems etc
Data Presentation Element

 It is used to present the measured

physical quantity in a human readable
form to the observer. It receives
processed signal from data processing
element and presents the data in a
human readable form. LED displays are
most commonly used as data
presentation elements in many
measurement systems
Types of Standards
International Standards (defined based
on international agreement )

Primary Standards (maintained by

national standards laboratories)

Secondary Standards ( used by

industrial measurement laboratories)

Working Standards ( used in general

laboratory)

15
MEASUREMENT UNITS

The three standard systems of

measurements are the
International System of Units (SI) units,
the British Imperial System,
and the US Customary System.
Of these, the International System of
Units(SI) units are prominently used.
What’s the forecast for tomorrow—hot
or cold?

Will the high

temperature
tomorrow be 28°C,
which is very warm?
Or 28°F, which is very
cold? Without the
correct units, you
can’t be sure.
 Using SI Units

Using SI Units

What makes metric units easy to use?

 Using SI Units

The standards of measurement used in

science are those of the metric system.

All metric units are based on multiples of

10. As a result, you can convert between
units easily.
 Using SI Units

The metric system was originally established

in France in 1795.

The International System of Units

(abbreviated SI after the French name, Le
Système International d’Unités) is a revised
version of the metric system.

The SI was adopted by international

agreement in 1960.

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its

affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
 Using SI Units

 There are seven SI base

SI Base Units
units.
Quantity SI base Symbol
unit
 From these base units, Length meter m
all other SI units of Mass kilogram kg
measurement can be Temperature kelvin K
derived. Time second s
Amount of
Derived units are used mole mol
substance
for measurements Luminous
candela cd
such as volume, intensity
density, and pressure. Electric
ampere A
current