Homeostasis

Control Systems

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 1

Homeostasis and Control
Systems
 Homeostasis
 Maintenance of nearly static or
constant condition in the internal
environment

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 2

Homeostasis
 Adaptability of living organisms
 To survive , living things must
 Regulate, compensate and
regenerate
 In adjustment to the demands

imposed by environment

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 3

 Homeostasis
 An organism maintain
A constancy of its internal
environment
 Despite a wide variety of
disturbances

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 4

Homeostasis
 Even under wide fluctuations
 Of food materials, metabolic demands,
environmental conditions
 Warm blooded animals do maintain relative
stable
 Body temperature
 Blood pressure
 Blood chemistry
 Osmolarity

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 5

Homeostasis
 Without the ability to regulate, an
animal
 Is limited in its habitat and its
performance as a living thing
 Any interference with the regulatory
system
 Is essentially a disease state

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 6

Internal Environment
 All cells of the body
with the exception of
Capillary network those on the surface
 Are provided with a fluid
environment
 This constitutes the
body’s internal
environment
 Commonly known as
the extra cellular fluid
Cells in
interstitial fluid (ECF)

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 7

 Internal Environment
Blood vessel  Cells are surrounded
by
CO2
 Fluid environment
CO2
 It is known as Extra
CO2
O2 cellular fluid ECF
Glucose O2 O2
 This is the body’s
O2 Cells internal environment
Glucose
Glucose

ECF
Interstitial
Fluid
Internal
environment
July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 8
 Internal Environment
Blood vessel  The physical and
chemical characteristics
of this fluid
CO2
CO2  Maintained at relatively
constant values
CO2
O2  Temperature

Glucose O2 O2  Concentration of H+,

O2 Cells O2, CO2

Glucose  Osmotic pressure
Glucose  Concentration of

organic nutrients
ECF
Interstitial
Fluid
Internal
environment
July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 9
 Internal Environment
Blood vessel  The activities of
various organ systems
 Liver, lungs,
CO2
CO2 kidneys, digestive
O2
CO2 system
O2  Are directed at
Glucose O2
maintaining
O2 Cells
Glucose
 Relative constancy
Glucose of this fluid
ECF
Interstitial
Fluid
Internal
environment
July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 10
Homeostasis
 The concept of homeostasis
 Maintenance of stable internal
environment
 Claude Bernard 1813 – 1878
 Introduced the general principles of the
constancy of the internal environment
 “ Milieu interieur”

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 13

Homeostasis
 Walter B. Cannon made
 Many contributions
 Between 1910 and 1932
 Mechanisms involved in
 Regulating the internal environment of
the body
 Introduced the term
 Homeostasis “similar conditions”

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 14

Homeostasis
 The conditions are not
fixed
 Rather the internal
variables
 Held within narrow
ranges

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 15

Homeostasis
 This is a result of
actions of
 Carefully coordinated
physiological
processes
 Termed homeostatic
mechanisms

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 16

Homeostasis
 The activities of tissues and organs
 Must be regulated and integrated with
each other
 Any change in the internal
environment
 Automatically initiates a reaction to
minimize the change

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 17

Homeostasis
 The stable condition
 Results from compensatory
regulatory responses
 Changes in composition of the
internal environment
 Occur but are held at minimal
fluctuations
July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 18
Homeostasis
 Single cells
 Metabolic pathways in cells are regulated
by
 Principles of mass action
 Changes in enzyme concentration
 Maintain the concentration of various
metabolites in the cells
 Proteins synthesis
 Carefully regulated by genetic

mechanisms

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 19

Homeostasis
 In people
 Basic intracellular regulators still
remains
 Existence of a multitude of different
cells
 Organized into specialized tissue organs

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 20

Homeostasis
 There is need for overall regulatory
mechanism
 To coordinate
 And integrate the activities of all cells

 Intercellular communications

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 21

Homeostatic Systems

 Control system consists

 Collection of interconnected
components
 Function to keep
A physical or chemical parameter
of the body relatively constant

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 22

Homeostatic Systems
 A system is controlled when
 Its inputs are manipulated in such a manner that
causes
 Its output to
 Vary in some prescribed way or

 Remain constant in a prescribed way

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 23

 Control Systems

Controlled  Controlled
system system has
 Input manipulated
 Cause output to
Input Output  Vary in a

Signal signal prescribed way

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 24

Homeostatic System
 Terms used in control systems
 Block diagrams
 Used to depict different systems and the way
they interact together

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 25

 Controlled System
 Has input which may be
Disturbances
varied by the controller

Controlled
 Forcing functions
Comparator
system  Control signal
Controller Output
 This input interacts with
external disturbances
Control  Produces changes in the
signal
Feed back actual output
signal
Sensor
Input
Signal

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 26

 Controlled System
Disturbances
 Physical structure
within which
Comparator Controlled regulation occurs
system
Controller Output  Room with heater
or air conditioner
Control
signal
Feed back
signal
Sensor
Input
Signal

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 27

 Actual Output
Disturbances  The actual output
 Variable to be
Comparator Controlled
system
controlled
Controller Output
 In closed loop
Error system
Signal Control signal

Feed back
 Actual output is
signal detected by sensor
Sensor
Input  Fed back to
Signal
controller

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 28

 Actual Output
Disturbances  The actual output
 A state that is to be
Controlled
Comparator
system kept constant
Controller Output  Room temperature
Error  Blood pressure
Signal Control signal

Feed back
 Blood sugar
signal  Body temperature
Sensor
Input
Signal

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 29

 Sensor
Disturbances
 Transducer
 Sensitive device
Comparator Controlled
system
 Measures the actual
Controller Output output
 Converts it into
Error
Control signal
feedback signal
Signal
Feed back
 Compared to input
signal signal
Sensor
Input
Signal

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 30

 Command Signal
Disturbances
 Input signal
 Reference point

Comparator Controlled  Set point

system
Controller Output  Dictates the desired
output of the
Error
Signal Control signal controlled system
Feed back
signal
Sensor
Input
Signal

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 31

 The Comparator
Disturbances
 Error detector
 Compare command

Comparator Controlled signal and feedback

system signal
Controller Output
 The difference
Error
Control signal
between the two
Signal
Feed back
 Gives the error signal
signal
Sensor
Input
Signal

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 32

 The Error Signal
 The error signal
Disturbances
 Used by controller to
Controlled
 Generate appropriate
Comparator
system controlling signal to
Controller Output controlled system

Error
Signal Control signal

Feed back
signal
Sensor
Input
Signal

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 33

 The Controller
Disturbances  The controller
 Control center
Comparator Controlled
system  Regulator
Controller Output
 The effector
Control
Error signal
signal
Feed back
signal
Sensor
Input
Signal

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 34

 The Controller
 The error signal is fed into
Disturbances the controller
 Which generates
Comparator Controlled appropriate signals
system
 Forcing functions
Controller Output
 Control signal

 Which act on the controlled

Error signal Control signal
system
Feed back  Bring the actual output
signal
closer to the command
Sensor signal
Input
Signal

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 35

Types of Control Systems
 Open loop system
 On-off
 Proportional regulation

 Closed loop
 Positivefeedback
 Negative feedback

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 36

Open Loop System
 On – Off

Process
Input Output

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 37

Open Loop
 Electric bulb lighting
 Urinary bladder emptying
 As soon as bladder volume is filled to
optimal
 Voiding reflex is initiated
 When bladder volume is empty
voiding reflex is switched off

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 38

Open Loop
 Proportional regulation
 Output from the controlled system
 Varies proportionally to the input
signal
 Speed of car

 Pumping activity of the heart

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 39

Closed Loop Control

Input
input output
Output

Output
feed back

Feed-back

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 40

 Closed Loop Control
Disturbances
 The output signal is
fed-back for
Comparator Controlled comparison with the
Controller
system
Output
input signal
 The difference
Error
Control signal
between the two
Signal
Feed back
 The error signal
signal determines the
Input
Sensor
direction and extent of
Signal compensation

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 41

 Closed Loop Control
Disturbances  There are two types
 Positive feedback
Comparator Controlled
system  Negative feedback
Controller Output

Error
Signal Control signal

Feed back
signal
Sensor
Input
Signal

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 42

 Positive Feedback
Disturbances
 Feedback signal
 Added on to the input

Comparator Controlled signal

system
Controller Output
 This leads to
regenerative process and
+
Error
Control signal
explosive effects
Signal
Feed back
 Uterine contraction during
signal childbirth
Input
Sensor  Generation of nerve action
Signal potential

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 43

 Once labor
starts Uterine
contractions
dilate the
cervix this sets
up signals in
afferent nerves
that increase
oxytocin
secretion

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 44

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 45
 Negative Feedback System
Disturbances
 Feedback signal
 Subtracted from the

Comparator Controlled input signal

system
Controller Output
 This leads to decrease in
error signal
Error
Control signal
 Degeneration
- Signal
Feed back
 Leads to constancy
signal
 Most of control systems
Sensor
Input in body are of this
Signal
nature.

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 46

 Control of Blood Pressure
medulla
Vasomotor
-ve
stimulation centre
Baroreceptor
Rise of BP Fall in
sympathetic
BP stimulation to
blood vessels

BP
Vasodilatation and
Reduction of BP reduction of total
(BP = CO x TPR) peripheral resistance

July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 47

 Heat loss

Ext. disturbances

Set Point
370C Body heat
Temp Control
Centre content
Body temp
370C

Heat gain

receptors

THERMOREGULATORY SYSTEM
July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 48
 Control of Secretion of
Hormones
Limbic system  The hypothalamus
 Secrete releasing or
Hypothala inhibiting hormone
mus  Hypophysiotropic

Hypophys
hormone
iotropic  These act on the anterior
hormones
pituitary
Adeno-
hypophysis  Anterior pituitary then
secrete
Pit.
Tropic  Trophic hormone
hormones

Target gland
hormone Target
gland
July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 49
 Control of Secretion of Hormones
Limbic system  The trophic hormone
then
Hypothala
mus
 Act on target gland
 Secrete the hormone
Hypophys
iotropic
hormones

Adeno-
hypophysis

Pit.
Tropic
hormones

Target gland
hormone Target
gland
July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 50
 Control of Secretion of Hormones
Limbic system  The unbound circulating
hormone
Hypothala  Produced by target
mus
gland
 Inhibit hypothalamic
Hypophys
iotropic pituitary system
hormones  Cause  secretion of
Adeno- pituitary tropic
hypophysis
hormone
Pit.  Control the secretion
Tropic
hormones of target gland
Target gland
hormone Target
gland
July 16, 2022 Hormoestasis 51