CHAPTER 2 : DESIGN OF

STEEL BEAM
B y : H a l i n a B i n ti H a m i d
 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME (CLO) :

CLO 1: Design single storey building for steel structure correctly according to
Eurocode 3

PROGRAMME LEARNING OUTCOME (PLO) :

PLO 3: Design solutions for well-defined technical problems and assist with
the design of systems, components or processes to meet specified needs with
appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations (DK5)

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 STEEL BEAM
• Beam is a very basic structural element.
• Normally used to span between two supports and
transfers
• load through the bending actions
• Span can be up to 18m. Normally spanning 6 –9m.
• It can be loaded by various kinds of loads (i.e.
distributed or point load.
• These loads may cause the beam to experience
bending, shear, deflecting and also the local stresses
such as buckling.

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 VARIOUS TYPES OF BEAM

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 TITLE
SECONDARY BEAM
• Normally transferred load
from floor to main beam by
point load action

MAIN BEAM
• Normally transferred load
from floor and secondary
beams to the column

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 MODES OF FAILURE

Bending Shear

Local Buckling Shear Buckling

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 MODES OF FAILURE

Lateral Torsional Buckling

• Lateral torsional buckling is a
buckling phenomenon
observed in unrestrained
beams.
• When a beam subjected to
loads results in both lateral
displacement and twisting.

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 TYPICAL SECTION

• Basically all kinds of section

may be used for beams,
however most common used
sections are Universal Beam
(UB), Channel, Hollow and
Tees
• Rolled I section is used widely
for beam structure

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 LOAD
DISTRIBUTION

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• Beam is a bending moment that its usually subjected to lateral load
(from concrete floor).
• Load from slab are normally defined in ‘q’ (kN/m2) and these loads
are then transferred to supporting beams in either ‘w’ (kN/m) or ‘W’
(kN)
• Load from reinforced concrete solid slab may be distributed to beams
by the following method :
• One way slabs carry load in one direction ( Ly/Lx > 2.0)
• Two way spanning slab (Ly/Lx ≤ 2.0 )

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 ONE WAY SLAB
• Load supported by precast concrete
slab are distributed to beams in one
direction only.

• Hence the precast slab is one way

spanning slab

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 TWO WAY
SPANNING SLAB

• Carry load in two directions.

• For two way slab the ration of (long

side, Ly / short side, Lx ) is ≤ 2.0

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 EXAMPLE

Figure shows a portion of plan view

of a building. The slab system is
precast slab with loading as below :
Permanent action, Gk
Self weight of precast slab and block
wall

Variable action, Qk

Determine the shear force and

moment maximum for beam 1/A-B

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 SOLUTION

Permanent action, Gk – Precast slab with 150 mm and block wall

Dead load in kN/m2 = material weight in kN/m3 x thickness in m
= (24 kN/m3 + 10 kN/m3 ) x 0.150 m
= 5.10 kN/m2

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 SOLUTION

Variable action, Qk
Imposed floor load for lecture hall
(Category C2) ,
qk = 4.0 kN/m2

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 SOLUTION

Design load, w (UDL) = 1.35Gk + 1.5 Qk

= 1.35 (5.10) + 1.5 (4.0)
= 12.89 kN/m2

Total load, W = 12.89 kN/m2 x slab load distribution area

= 12.89 kN/m2 x ( 5 x 2 )m2
= 128.9 kN

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 EXAMPLE
The shear force and moment maximum for beam 1/A-B :

Maximum shear force, FeD = w / 2

= 128.9 / 2
= 64.45 kN

Moment Maximum, MeD = wL / 8

= ( 128.9 x 5 ) / 8 Shear Force and Bending Moment formula

= 80.56 kNm

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 EXERCISE 1

A B C
A typical floor plan for a multi-storey steel frame 7m 7m
building is shown in figure. The floor slabs are precast
1
slab. All joints are of simple connections. The floor load
consists of a characteristic dead load of 2.5 kN/m2 and 3m
characteristics imposed load of 3.5 kN/m2. D E F
2

Calculate the maximum bending moment of beam EF, G H J

3m
BH and CJ 3

5m

4
K L M

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 EXERCISE 1 : SOLUTION

Calculate the factored design floor load in kN/m2

Assume the beam self-weight is ignored

Design load, w = 1.4 Gk + 1.6 Qk

= (1.4 x 2.5) + 91.6 x 3.5)
= 9.1 kN/m2

Determine one way or two way spinning slab

Ly / Lx = 7 m / 3 m
= 2.3 > 2.0 - one way

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 EXERCISE 1 : SOLUTION

Beam EF :

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 EXERCISE 1 : SOLUTION

Beam BH :

Beam CJ :

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 TITLE:

CROSS-SECTION
CLASSIFICATION

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 ASSESSMENT OF INDIVIDUAL PARTS

• Classification based should be performed on each element of a section (i.e on the web and
flange) against the limiting width-to-thickness ratio for Class 1, 2 and 3 elements.
• The classification is based on the width-to-thickness ration of the element i.e (b/t f) for the flange
element and d/tw for the web element.

Internal
outstand outstand

Internal Internal
web Internal
web web

Flange Flange
Flange

Hollow Section Welded Box Section

Rolled I Section

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• The ratios
referred to
Steel
Building
Design Data
(Table 5.2 in
EC3)

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• This section classification based upon the weaker element.
• An element that fails to meet the class 3 limits should be considered as
Class 4
• The limiting width-to-thickness ratios are modified by a factor Ɛ that is
dependent upon the material yield strength. It is defined as ;

fy as defined in Table 3.1

EN 1993-1-1:2005

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• It should be noted that Table 5.2, all classification limit are compared
with c/t ratios (Compressive width-to-thickness ratios), with the
appropriate dimensions for c and t taken from accompanying diagrams :

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 OVERALL CROSS-SECTION CLASSIFICATION

• EC3 allows the overall cross-section classification to be defined in one of two

ways :
• The overall classification is taken as the highest class of its component parts with the
exceptions that
a) Cross-section with Class 3 webs and Class 1 or 2 flanges may be classified as Class 2 cross section with an
effective web (Clause 6.2.2.4)
b) In the case where the web I assumed to carry shear force only ( and not to contribute to the bending or
axial resistance of the cross-section), the classification may be based on that of the flanges (not allowed for
Class 1)`
• The overall classification is defined by quoting both the flange and web classification

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 EXAMPLE CROSS-SECTION CLASSIFICATION

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 EXERCISE CROSS-SECTION CLASSIFICATION

Question :

Classify the cross section of a 200 x 200 x 5 mm thick SHS in grade S355

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 DESIGN OF
LATERALLY
RESTRAINED BEAM

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 INTRODUCTION

• Laterally restrained beam is beam that are unable to move laterally are
termed restrained
• Restrained may be assumed to exist if the frictional or positive connection of
the floor construction to the compression flange of the member is capable of
resisting a lateral force of more that 2.5 % of the maximum force in the
compression flange of the member

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 INTRODUCTION

• Cases where beams can be designed as fully restrained along the spans :
1. Beams caring in-situ reinforced concrete slabs.
 The friction of concrete floor to the compression flange of the beam can be assumed to provide full lateral
restraint.
2. Beams with steel decking flooring system with shear studs.
 The shear studs function as a simple concrete anchor and can be employed to provide a permanent bond
between steel and concrete, enabling the two materials to act compositely

Shear Studs

Welded Connection

Shear plate

Shear Studs

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Restrained Beam Composite slab 32
 TITLE:

DESIGN CHECK FOR

RESTRAINED BEAM

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 Design check for restrained beams :

a) Shear Resistance, Clause 6.2.6

b) Bending Moment Resistance, Clause 6.2.5
c) Deflection

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 SHEAR RESISTANCE

• The design shear resistance of a cross-section, is donated by Vc,Rd

• In the absence of torsion the shear resistance may be taken as the design plastic
shear resistance Vpl,Rd. The plastic shear resistance is basically defined as the
yield strength in shear multiplied by a shear are, Av.
• The yield strength in shear is taken as fy / √3 and this is used in a plastic shear
resistance formulation.

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 SHEAR RESISTANCE

• The shear area, Av is in effect the area of

the cross-section that can be mobilized to
resist the applied shear force with a
moderate allowance for plastic
redistribution and for section where the
load is applied parallel to the web, this is
essentially the area of the web.
• Expressions for the determination of shear
area Av for general structure cross-section
are given in clause 6.2.6 (3), BS EN 1993-1-1
• Verification for shear check :

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 SHEAR BUCKLING

• The resistance of the web to shear buckling should also be checked, though this is unlikely to affect
cross-section of standard hot-rolled proportions
• Shear buckling need not be considered provided :

for unstiffened webs, n = 1.0

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 EXAMPLE SHEAR BUCKLING

Question :
• Determine the shear resistance of a 229 x 89 rolled channel section in grade S275 steel loaded
parallel to the web

Width , b = 88.9 mm
Web thickness, tw = 8.6 mm
Height, h = 228.6 mm
Flange thickness, tf = 13.3 mm
Root radius, r = 13.7 mm
Area, A = 4160 mm 2

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 Solution :

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 EXERCISE SHEAR BUCKLING

Question :
• Determine the shear resistance of a 533 x 210 x 92 UB in bending assuming grade S275 steel.

Width , b = mm
Web thickness, tw = mm
Height, h = mm
Flange thickness, tf = mm
Root radius, r = mm
Area, A = mm 2

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 THANK YOU
BE CONT…

(REFER WORKSHEET BEAMS)

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