Identification means establishment of Exact individuality
of a person. It may be, (a). Complete Or total identification- Means, absolute fixation of the individuality of a person by scientific analysis of different features & data. (b). Incomplete Or partial identification- means establishment of only some facts about the identity of a person while others remain still unknown. *Data for identification of persons are:* 1. Race, Religion, Ethnicity, Nationality. 2. Sex. 3. Age. 4. Stature, General development & body Built. 5. Complexion. 6. Features of Hair. 7. Features of Eyes. 8. Congenital & Acquired Peculiarities, like Malformations, Birth marks, Moles, Scar mark, Tattoo marks, Occupational marks, Deformities, Disease & wounds. 9.Features Present in the Teeth. 10. Photography. 11.Anthropometric measurements including height & weight. 12.Fingerprint- sole print, lip print, palate print etc. 13. Study of DNA profile. 14. Teeth & bite marks. 15.Hand writing & Signature, voice, gait, habits, ticks, manners, Educational Status, Memory & intelligence - only in living. 16.Dress, Ornaments & other belongings including pocket or purse articles like diary, passport & letters. 17. Superimposition Technique ( in dead Subjects), Reconstruction of facial structure & appearance. 18. Facial scratching on the description of the eyewitness. Question of identification of the living: A. Civil Cases: ** Marriage, ** Inheritance. **Passport. * admission on institutions. *insurance or pension claims. • Disputed Sex, * Missing persons. B. In criminal cases: *Assault. * Rape. * Sodomy. * Murder. * Absconding soldiers & criminals. * exchange of newborn baby in Hospitals. * Impersonation. Question of Identification in dead: • SUD. Railway accident, aircraft accident, RTA. Mass disaster. • Mutilated & decomposed bodies. • Skeleton Or isolated bones. • Exhumed dead bodies, ** Partially burnt dead bodies in fires or explosion. RACE: “may be defined as the biological concept denoting the different breeding of origin of human beings Or genital trait united by common heredity.” 3 fundamental or original Races. 1. Caucasians or caucasoids. 2.Mongolians Or Mongoloids. 3. Negroes Or Negroids. Caucasians- Indigenous of Europe, North Africa, Western Asia & india. Mongolians- east Asia- (china, Japan, Indonesia), parts of America. Negroes- Africa, America, Parts of Asia. Determination of Race. 1. complexion- skin of caucasians white Coppery red Or yellow in mongolians & black in negroes. Bdi brawn or dark. 2. Hair- Cacasians (Europeans) fair or Light brawn or reddish. Mongolians – course, dark, straight or wavy hair. Negroes- black frizzy or wooly hair. Bdi black fine straight or wavy hair. 3. Eyes – (iris) – caucasians ( Europeans)- blue or grey, Mongolians & Negroes- brawn. Bdi -dark or brawn. 4. lips- Negroes thick lips which are slightly everted. 5. Clothes – traditional dress of different races may be helpful. 6. Skeleton – by cephalic index , also by indices of long bones. Cephalic Index: (C.I.) - It is the Ratio which is obtained by measuring the maximum transverse breadth of a skull dividing by the maximum antero-posterior length X 100. Based on the CI-- a skull may be, 1. Dolico-cephalic or long headed . CI = 70-74.9- Aborigin, Negroes & Aryans. 2. Mesati-cephalic or medium long headed. CI= 75--79.9 Caucasins ( Europeans), chines & most Bangladeshi. 3. Brachy-cephalic or round or short headed. CI= 80-84.9 Mongolians, Garo & chakma of BDi. ML Skull & Pelvis: Skull: * Race by CI. * Sex- by comparing. * Age- by taking x-ray. • Determination of cause of death if Fracture found in the skull. • Single large hole- bullet injury. • Multiple holes- pillet injury. • Poisons- As/ Lead deposited in the skull. • Individuals can be identified by superimposition of soft tissue on skull. **Identification of Age by x-ray of appearance of ossification Centres & union of bones: Usually detect age by doing x-ray of, 1. Elbow Joint. 2. Wrist Joint. & 3. Pelvis. 14 years: 1.Elbow Joint: * Medial Epicondyle humerous, ( 5-6yrs)- United **Lateral epicondyle humerous, (10-12yrs)- United. ** Head of the Radius (5-6yrs),----- United 13-14 yrs. ** Tip of Olecranon ( 9-11yrs), - Not United. ( 14-15yrs). 2. Wrist joint: **Lower end of Radius (1yr.), Not United. ( Unite 17-18yrs) **Lower end of Ulna (5-6yrs), Not united. ( unite 17yrs). **The pisiform bone (9-12yrs appeared) 3. pelvis: **The Iliac Crest (14yrs) but not United. (United 17-19yrs) **The Ischial Tuberosity (14-15yrs) (Unite 20yrs). 15YRS: 1. Elbow Joint: ** Medial Epicondyle Humerus - United. ** Lateral Epicondyle Humerous- United. ** Head of Radius- United. **Tip of Olecranon – United 2. Wrist Joint: **Lower end of Radius (1yr)- Not united. ( 17-18yrs) ** Lower end of Ulna (5-6yrs) - Not United. (17yrs) **The pisiform bone has just Appeared. 3. Pelvis: **The iliac Crest appeared (14yrs) but not united. (20yrs) **The ischial tuberosity (14-16yrs) (Unite-20yrs) 16 years: 1. Elbow Joint: **Medial Epicondyle Humerous- United. ** Lateral epicondyle Humerous- - United. ** Head of radius- United. **Tip of olecranon- United. 2. Wrist Joint: **Lower end of Radius (1yr) starts uniting (17-18yrs). **lower end of Ulna(5-6yrs) starts uniting (17yrs). ** pisiform bone Appeared. 3. * iliac Crest ( 14yrs) but not united ( 19yrs.) * Ischial Tuberosity (14-15yrs) but not united ( 20yrs). 17yrs . 1.Elbow joints: **Medial epicondyle & lateral epicondyle humerous united. ** Head of Radius & Tip of olecranon – United. 2. Wrist joint : *lower end of radius(1yr), starts union not complete ( 17-18yrs) ** Lower end of ulna (5-6yrs), united (17yrs). ** pisiform bone appeared. 3. Pelvis- iliac crest (14yrs)union process starts, not complete. *Ischial tuberosity (14-15yrs) , not united( 20yrs).
• After 25 years, age calculated on Decades.
**At 30-40 yrs- sagittal & Coronal suture unites.
** At 40-50 yrs— Lamdoid suture unites. ** At 50 -60 yrs – Parieto-mastoid & squmous suture Unites. ** 70yrs– Spheno-parietal suture unites. * Determination of Sex. Question of determination of sex arises in, *Gonadal Dysgenesis cases in Living, & in extremely Decomposed Or Mutilated dead bodies Or in case of bony remains of a body. Gonadal Dysgenesis cases namely intersex ( turner’s syndrome, klinefelter’s Syndrome, True & pseudo Hermaphroditism). Sex of a person can be determined from, 1. Physical Or morphological Features. 2. Bones, 3. Microscopic study of Sex Chromatins in cells, 4.Dress, 5. Gonadal biopsy, 6. Hormonal study (in intersex case In Highly decomposed dead bodies, Prostate & uterus if found can say about sex. Bone examination also can say sex features. In mutilated bodies, when some fragments are available, sex can be determined from the presence Or absence of facial Or body hair, distribution of pubic hair, breasts, sex organs, shape of shoulder & hip, waist, shape of buttock, shape of thigh, toughness & delicacy of skin, predominance of musculature, Subcutaneous fat. Bone exam. also can help. Determination of sex from Bones: From whole skeleton, sex determined 100%, from skull + pelvis 98% cases, Only pelvis-95% cases, only skull-90% cases, With Long bones- 80- 85% cases. Of all the bones, Pelvis, skull, mandible, sternum with manubrium & femur help maximum to determine sex. Sex differentiating features in skull: 1. Size- 2. glabella- 3. Supra orbital ridge- 4. Mastoid process 5.Occipital protruberance- 6. Zygomatic arch- 7. Forhead- 8.Frontal Eminence- 9. Orbit- 10. Nasion- 11.malar prominence- 12. Nasal aperture- 13. Parietal eminence- 14. Occipital condyles- 15. Foramina- 16. Palate- 17. digastric Groove- 18. frontal sinuses- 19. teeth- 20. bony surface- Sex differentiating features of Hip bone: 1. General features- 2. Ilium- 3. Obturator Foramen— 4. Greater sciatic Notch- 5. Pre-auricular Sulcus- 6. Acetabulum 7. Ischio-pubic Rami- 8. shape of Pubis- 9. Pubic Symphysis- 10.Ischial tuberosity- 11. Ischio-pubic Index- 12. auricular surface- Sex differentiating features in articulated Pelvis: 2. Pelvic Brim- 2. True Pelvis- 3. Sub Pubic angle- 4. Distance between two anterior superior iliac spine. 5. Distance between highest point of iliac crests of two sides. *Sex differentiating features in Femur: 1. Head. 2. Neck & Shaft. 3. Inward inclination of the shaft at the lower End- 4. vertical diameter of the Head. 5.Trochanteric Oblique length. 6. Popliteal line- 7. Bicondylar width- 8. general features-
Determination of Sex of a person by microscopic study of sex
chromatins: XX pattern of sex chromosomes of female- In neutrophil, we find visible sex chromatin as Davidson Bodies – 1.5 micron diameter, in females found more than 3% of all neutrophils. In squamous cells of mouth+ vaginal mucus membrane, sex chromatin found in the form of BARR BODIES which are deep stained, compact, plano-convex masses situated in side the nucleus near the nuclear wall. More than 15% found. Male not found or too less number may be found. No sex chromatin in gonadal agenesis. In intersex cases, BIOPSY Imp. INTERSEX: may be defined as,” intermingling in one individual of characters of both sexes in varying degrees, including physical form, reproductive organs & sexual behavior.” Intersex can be divided in 4 groups: 1. Gonadal agenesis. 2. Gonadal Dysgenesis: External sexual structure present but at puberty the testis or ovary fail to develop. A. klinefelter’s syndrome: Most common major abnormality of sexual differentiation. Occurs 500-1000 newborns, who in matured age are infertile, with some degree of mental retardation. Anatomical structure male but the nuclear sexing female. Sex chromosomes pattern is XXY (47 chromosomes).