Operations on signals:-

When we process a signal, the signal may

undergo several manipulations or
transformations involving the independent
variables (or) the amplitude of the signal.
(i) Transformation in independent
variable of signal
(ii) Transformations on amplitude of the
signal
(i) Transformations in independent
variable of the signal:-

Independent variable ‘t’ or’n’ can be

manipulated by
(i) Time Shifting
(ii) Time folding
(iii) Time Scaling
(ii) Transformations on Amplitude of the
signal:-

Amplitude can be manipulated by

(i) Amplitude Scaling
(ii) Addition and substration
(iii) Multiplication and division
(iv) Differentiation and integration
(i) Time Shifting:-
The time shifting of a
continuous time signal
x(t) can be represented
mathematically by
y(t)=x(t-T).
• The time shifting of a
signal may result in time
delay or time advance
• Consider a unit step
signal u(t) represented
as
(i) Time Shifting(Extd..):-
• If T is positive, the
shift is right and then
the shifting delays
the signal
• If T is negative the
shift is to the left and
then the shifting
advances the signal
(i) Time Shifting(Extd..):-
The time shifting of a
discrete time signal
x(n) can be represented
mathematically by
y(n)=x(n-k).
• If k is positive, it is
delay and the shift is to
the right and If the k is
negative, it is advance
and the shift is to the
left shows as
(ii) Time Folding/Time Reflection/Time
Reversal:-
The time reversal or
folding of a signal x(t)
can be obtained by
folding the signal at
t=0.
This operation is very
useful in convolution
and it is denoted x(-t).
It is obtained by
replacing t with -t
(ii) Time Folding/Time Reflection/Time
Reversal:-
The time reversal of
a discrete time signal
x(t) can be obtained
by folding the
sequence about n=0.
(iii) Time Scaling:-
There are two types of scaling
(i) Time Compression
(ii) Time Expansion
• Time scaling of a signal x(t) can be
accomplished by replacing ‘t’ by ‘at’ in it.
• Mathematically it can be expressed as
y(t)=x(at)
 Depending upon value of a it can be a
compression or expansion
(iii) Time Scaling(Extd..):-
If a>1, it results in
time compression by
a factor ‘a’.
If a<1, it results in
time expansion by a
factor ‘a’.
Consider a signal
y(t)=x(t).
(iii) Time Scaling(Extd..):-
The time scaling of
discrete time signal
as follows
y(n)=x(an).
When a>1, results
compressed signal
When a<1 results
expanded signal.
Consider a signal
y(n)= x(n)
(i) Amplitude Scaling:-
The amplitude scaling of a continuous
time signal x(t) can be represented by
y(t)=Ax(t).
where a is constant
• The amplitude of y(t) at any instant is
equal to A times the amplitude of x(t) at
that instant but the shape of y(t) is same as
the shape of x(t).
(i) Amplitude Scaling(Extd..):-
If a>1, it is
amplification
If a<1 , it is called
attenuation
(i) Amplitude Scaling:-
Similarly, the
amplitude scaling of
a discrete time signal
can be represented by
y(n)=ax(n)
Where a is constant
(ii) Signal Addition/Subtraction:-
The Sum of two
continuous time
signals x1(t) and x2(t)
can be obtained by
adding their values at
every instant of time.
Consider two signals
x1(t) and x2(t)
Thank you