Pusat Teknologi Nasion Berkelas Dunia

WRITING EFFECTIVE SENTENCE

BY: IS DEWANGGA. M.PD

www.itts.ac.id
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OUTLINE

WHAT IS THE SENTENCE CORE?

WRITING
EFFECTIVE
HOW DO PARTS SENTENCES
OF SPEECH WORK?

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OBJECTIVE
1. Identify the sentence core: the subject and verb.

2. Recognize the various parts of speech.

3. Know the difference between action verbs and state-of-being verbs.

4. Recognize the main pronoun cases: subjective, objective, possessive, and

reflexive.

5. Identify coordinating, subordinating, and adverbial conjunctions.

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WHAT IS THE SENTENCE CORE?

Consists of its It is the To identify it,

subject and powerhouse of should identify
verb. the sentence. the verbs.

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THE VERB AS PREDICATE

• The predicate of a sentence expresses something about its subject.
• The complete predicate consists:
1. A verb
2. Objects
3. Modifiers or complements of the verb.

• The verb of a sentence is officially known as the simple predicate.

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Continue…

• Verb is an action word.

• Action verbs are dynamic. Why?
• They transfer action from the subject to the object by introducing events and
referring to something that happens.

Examples:
1. Mel chaired the meeting.
2. Feranda managed the Program.

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Continue…

• Action verbs do not always need to be followed by an object; they can

sometimes be followed by an adverb that modifies the verb. In the
following sentences:
• The system ran well.
• Melissa speaks quietly.
• In addition, a sentence can be complete even when the verb does not
have an object or a modifier.
For example:
• Bob arrived.
• Rose left.

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THE VERB AS PREDICATE

• Verb tells time by changing form: Tenses
• The main goal is to learn how to identify verbs within a sentence.
Which one the words are Verb and Which one of the words are
Noun?
Speak Send Borrow Street Plant
Drive Type Tree Write Watch
Fun Walnut Manage Distribute Close
Classify Throw Finish Lotion Manipulate

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COMPOUND VERBS
• A compound verb consists of two or more verbs all relating to the same
subject. In other words, one subject is followed by two or more verbs that
create separate lines of thought about the subject.
• Examples:
a) Rita arrived at the meeting by 9 a.m. and Rita began speaking to the director.
b) Your invoice has been updated by our accountant and is enclosed.
• Let’s practice:
-

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TIPS FOR IDENTIFYING THE VERBS

• Find a “helping verbs “. It is also called auxiliary verbs.
 Be: am, is, are, was, were
 Have: has, have, had
 Do: do, does, did
• Find the word “will”. It will be followed by another verb.
 I will definitely negotiate the terms of the lease.
 Mary will contact them tomorrow.
 Our client will happily comply with the regulations.
• Find the word “NOT”. It modifies the verb.
 George does not remember the correct terms of the contract.
 The carrier has not embarked on his journey yet today.
 The manager is not available until 3 p.m.
 Our insurance cannot increase for another year

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SUBJECT
• Simple subject: Agent, Subject complement, anticipating subject.
 Our team welcomed the new manager.
 The cafeteria food is good.
 It is a beautiful day.
• Compound Subjects
 Tom and Jane arrived at the meeting together.
 The director of marketing and his assistant will conduct the survey.
 The new information and the old report are now contained in the packet.

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HOW DO PARTS OF SPEECH WORK?

Verbs Noun Pronoun Adjectives

Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Articles

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CONTINUE

Noun can be verb/adjective.

Noun Nouns in italics; adjectives, boldface type. Verbs:
A noun is a person, place, or thing, but it is also an underscored twice Subjects: underscored once.
idea or a thought or some other intangible “item”
that can’t be seen or felt, such as wind or love or
compassion.

How to know that word is noun?

Put “The” in front of the word .

Examples:
-

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CONTINUE

Quality of Nouns
Proper Nouns
• the official names of people, places, or things
Common nouns
• general classes of places, objects, ideas, and qualities
Collective nouns
• Groups (Can be Singular and Plural)
Concrete nouns:
• things that can be experienced through the senses, such as flower, dog, or rain.
• Abstract nouns
• things that are not knowable through the senses, such as honor, integrity, or pride.
Count nouns:
• countable items, such as cookies, friends, and tulips.
• Noncount nouns:
• items that cannot be counted, such as sand, water, and paint.

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VERBS
• Verb is the words that explain an activity or condition.
• Eg: Sleep, eat, drink (Activity) – Feel, love, understood (Condition)

Form

Present Past Participle

Bare Additional Past Present

To infinitive Past tense
infinitive infinitive Participle Participle

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THE FORM’s EXPLANATION

Present Participle
Past
To infinitive Bare infinitive Additional infinitive Past P Present P
To like Like Likes Liked Liked Liking
To wash Wash Washes Washed Washed Washing
To look look Looks Looked looked Looking
To climb Climb Climbs Climbed Climbed Climbing
To have Have Has had had Having
To do Do Does Did Done Doing
To be Be Is/am/are Was/Were Been Being

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VERB AS A NOUN
• The ing form: The ing form is created by adding ing to the base form
of the verb. This ing form of a verb functions as a noun and is called a
gerund.
• For example, the gerund form of walk is walking; the gerund form of speak is
speaking.
• The nominal form: The nominal form is created by adding tion or
ment to the base of the verb.
• Example:
Verb Nominal Verb Nominal
act action distribute distribution
argue argument entitle entitlement

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PRONOUN
Subjective case: pronouns function as subjects of verbs:
• I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who

Objective case: pronouns function as objects, primarily of verbs and prepositions:

• me, you, him, her, it, us, them, whom

Possessive case: pronouns show possession, and a noun usually follows them:
• my, mine, your, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs

Reflexive case: pronouns refer back to a subjective pronoun:

• myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

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EXAMPLE OF PRONOUN
• Subjective case: They arranged the meeting. I decided to attend.
• Objective case: Bob handed me the agenda. Bob asked her and me to
attend the meeting.
• Possessive case: My brochure explains how they can solve their
problems.
• Reflexive case: I will do the proposal myself; you can do the other
project yourself.

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PREPOSITION
• Prepositions show the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence; prepositions
are “go betweens” and result in prepositional phrases, having a noun or pronoun as their object.

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CONJUNCTION
Conjunctions make connections, showing relationships and building
bridges between ideas.

Categories of conjunctions:
• Coordinating (and, but, or, for, nor, so, yet)
• Subordinating (: if, when, as, although, because, as soon as, before, while, after, since,
even though, unless, whereas)
• Adverbial (therefore, hence, in summary, that is, furthermore, however, thus, moreover,
in contrast, on the contrary, for example, in addition, of course, as usual, in general,
fortunately, in conclusion, otherwise, unfortunately, consequently).

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CONTINUED

• Coordinating conjunctions, also called 'coordinators', are

conjunctions that connect two or more words, clauses, or sentences,
which have the same form of syntax (rules when it comes to creating
sentences).
• Angga keeps the lights on, for he is afraid of sleeping in the dark.
(Because)
• My sister lives in South Sulawesi, and my brother lives in North Sulawesi.
• Ali doesn’t enjoy learning English , nor does he enjoy football.
• Muh. Imran enjoys learning English, but he doesn’t enjoy playing football.

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CONTINUED

• Subordinating conjunctions, also called 'subordinates', are

conjunctions that introduce a sentence. The conjunction
'subordinating' is used in adverb clauses which cannot stand on their
own without a sentence holding it.
•  Because he was sleepy, he went to bed. 
• He went to bed because he was sleepy. 
• Now that the semester is over, I’m going to go to my hometown. 
• Since it’s raining, I can’t go to campus.

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CONTINUED

• Adverbial conjunction, the word is distinguished into 2 namely as a

conjunction (conjunction) and also an adverb (adverb). This proves that the
word adverbial conjunction has two functions. First as a conjunction word,
adverbial conjunction serves as to connect 2 clauses into a logical compound
sentence and the second as adverb is used to describe the second clause. The
position of adverbial conjunction can be at the beginning, middle and also the
end of the sentence.
• Examples:
• The rich sleeps on the warm and comfortable bed meanwhile the poor sleeps on the
damp and cold sidewalk.
• Since my family moved in this city two months ago, I have known many people.
• I’ll stay as long as you need me

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ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

• Adjectives and adverbs are both modifiers, which means they describe other
words.
• Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns, adding color, taste, feel, and other
dimensions to the words they describe. Effective use of adjectives gives
readers a strong visual of that which is being described. Here are a few
examples: bright, new, slow, yellow, tall, warm, fuzzy, clear, little, and great.
• Adverbs modify adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs, providing the same sort
of element to writing that adjectives do by adding more depth, color, or
intensity. Adverbs answer the questions how, when, where, and why. Here are
a few examples of adverbs: quickly, quietly, friendly, very, more, most, less,
and least.

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CONTINUED
• Some adverbs are formed by adding ly to an adjective:
Adjective Adverb
rapid rapidly
bright brightly
loud loudly
Examples: A bright light is shining.
The light is shining brightly.
• Here are a few words that can be used as adjectives or adverbs: deep, late, slow,
quick.
• Even though some adverbs do not need the ly ending, writing and speaking
generally flow better when the ly ending is used.
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ARTICLES: DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE

• A, an, and the are three articles that modify nouns. A and an refer to a thing or
person in general and thus are called INDEFINITE ARTICLES.
• Use a before a word that begins with a consonant sound or a long u sound:
George wears a unique tie every day.
• Use an before a word that begins with a vowel sound even if that word begins
with a consonant (such as the sound “en” or “em”):
• Stephanie prefers an apple.
• An NBC reporter provided the information.
• The refers to a specific thing or person and is thus called a DEFINITE ARTICLE.
Jose would like to go to the movie that you suggested.
Mr. Pappas would prefer the black tie.

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REFERENCES
• Young, Dona J. 2008. Business English: Writing for The Global Workplace.
McGraw-Hill: New York.

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Thank You 

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