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B. N. Goswami
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Introduction to
The equator-to-pole
temp. difference is
around 60K (40K)in
winter (summer)
hemisphere.
Long term mean
seasonal average
temperature (K) during
NH winter (DJF) and
summer (JJA) at 850
hPa.
Similar to that at
surface but the
magnitude has
decreased. The
wave like structure
of Temp. contours
in NH winter (DJF)
is due to land-
ocean contrasts.
Long term mean seasonal
average temperature (K)
during NH winter (DJF)
and summer (JJA) at 500
hPa.
Similar to that at
850 hPa but the
magnitude has
further decreased.
The wave like
structure of Temp.
contours in NH
winter (DJF) is due
to land-ocean
contrasts.
Long term mean seasonal
average temperature (K)
during NH winter (DJF)
and summer (JJA) at 200
hPa.
Similar to that at
500 hPa but the
magnitude has
further decreased.
Long term mean
seasonal average
temperature (K) during
NH winter (DJF) and
summer (JJA) at 100
hPa.
Pressure vertical
velocity (hPa/s)
averaged along a
latitude circle (zonal
average) as a function of
latitude and height
(represented in pressure
from 1000 hPa to 100
hPa. Negative values
represent upward
motion.
How is a three cell meridional structure is maintained?
Precipitation (mm day-1)
R – Radius in units of
earth’s radius
A – Albedo
Te – Radiative
equilibrium temp.
Tm – Approx.
measured temp. at
the top of the
atmosphere.
Mr – Molecular
weight of the air.
Role of the Atmosphere
T T 2r cos F d
A O
1
TA
Atmospheric transport
Oceanic transport
How are the Atmospheric motions generated?
U and V winds
during summer
(red) and winter
(blue) are
highlighted.
It may be noted that
20-40 m/s wind
variation from one
day to another takes
place.
JJAS
Standard deviation
of daily fluctuations
of U wind at 200
hPa level during
summer season over
all grid points
H
E
I
G
H
T
H
E
I
G
H
T
T T 2r cos F d
A O
1
TA
Atmospheric transport
Oceanic transport
Relative contributions
mean meridional
circulation and the
eddies in meridional
transport of energy.
Transient eddy
transport
Stationary eddy
transport
MMC transport
Maintenance of General Circulation of the Atmosphere
Baroclinic Instability