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Chats …
REPORTERS

Senador and
Vistan

Optics
Susmerano

San Gabriel
Chats … Light …
REPORTERS
LIGHT
• Light is electromagnetic radiation that can
Senador and be detected by the human eye.
Vistan • Light transmits spatial and temporal
information.

 The speed of light in a vacuum is a

fundamental physical constant, the currently
Susmerano
accepted value of which is exactly 299,792,458
meters per second, or about 186,282 miles per
second.

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REPORTERS

Why does a person see a flash of lightning

Senador and before they hear thunder?
Vistan

It is because the light travels faster than the

Susmerano sound.

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What is light made of ?

Senador and Light is made of particles called photons,

Vistan bundles of the electromagnetic field that
carry a specific amount of energy.

Susmerano

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Chats … Light …
REPORTERS Electromagnetic Spectrum
• The electromagnetic spectrum is the term
used by scientists to describe the entire
Senador and range of light that exists.
Vistan

Susmerano

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Chats … Light …
REPORTERS Radio waves
• Radio waves have the longest wavelengths
in the electromagnetic spectrum.
Senador and • Heinrich Hertz proved the existence of
Vistan radio waves in the late 1880s.

Microwaves
Susmerano • Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic
radiation that is, they are waves of electrical and
magnetic energy moving together through space.

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REPORTERS
Infrared Radiation
• Sometimes referred to simply as infrared, is a
region of the electromagnetic radiation
Senador and
spectrum where wavelengths range from
Vistan about 700 nanometers to 1 millimeter.

Visible Light
Susmerano • The visible light spectrum is the segment of the
electromagnetic spectrum that the human eye can
view.

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REPORTERS
Ultraviolet
• Is a form of electromagnetic
radiation with wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm
Senador and • Shorter than that of visible light, but longer
Vistan than X-rays.

X-rays
• Electromagnetic radiation of extremely short
Susmerano wavelength and high frequency, with
wavelengths ranging from about 10−8 to
10−12 meter and corresponding frequencies
from about 1016 to 1020 hertz
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REPORTERS
Gamma Rays
• Is a penetrating form of electromagnetic
Senador and radiation arising from the radioactive decay
Vistan of atomic nuclei.

• It consists of the shortest wavelength

electromagnetic waves, typically shorter than those
of X-rays.
Susmerano

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REPORTERS
Basic Properties of Light
Diffraction of Light
Senador and • The phenomenon of bending of light around the
Vistan corners of small blocks or apertures and its
consequent spreading into the regions of the
geometrical shadow is termed Diffraction of light.

Susmerano

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Types of Diffraction of Light

Senador and Fraunhofer Diffraction

Vistan • This occurs when all the rays passing through a
narrow slit are approximately parallel to one another.

Susmerano Fresnel Diffraction

• The source of light and the screen on which the
diffraction pattern is obtained are effectively at
a finite distance from the diffracting system. 

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Senador and
Vistan

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Interference of light
• When two waves are superimposed, the
Senador and resultant light wave can have a lower,
Vistan higher, or the same amplitude this is called
interference of light.

Polarization of Light
Susmerano • The restriction of the electric vector oscillation
in a single direction.

• This means all the other directions of light

oscillation are eliminated except one.
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Types of Polarization of Light
Linear Polarization
Senador and
• The electric field of light is confined to a single plane
Vistan
along the propagation direction in linear polarization.
Elliptical Polarization
• The electric field of light propagates along an
Susmerano elliptical path. The two linear components do not
have the same amplitude and phase difference.
Circular Polarization
• The electric field that occurs will propagate in
San Gabriel a circular motion.
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Senador and
Vistan

Susmerano

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Dispersion of Light
• Dispersion is the process of light breaking into its
constituent colors.
Senador and
Vistan

Susmerano

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REPORTERS
Scattering of Light
• Scattering happens when light moves from one
Senador and medium to another, such as air or a glass of water.
Vistan

Susmerano

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Chats … Reflection and Refraction …
REPORTERS
Reflection of Light
• It is simply the property of a light that
rebounds after hitting a surface.
Senador and • This phenomenon usually occurs in mirrors.
Vistan

Susmerano

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REPORTERS
Law of Reflection
• The incident ray, the reflected ray and the
normal ray at the point of incidence, lie in the
Senador and
same plane.
Vistan • The angle of incidence of the light is equal to
the angle of reflection.

Susmerano

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Chats … Reflection and Refraction …
REPORTERS Types of Reflection
• Specular reflection - is a reflection from a smooth
surface
Senador and
Vistan

• Diffuse reflection - is a reflection from a

Susmerano rough surface.

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REPORTERS
Refraction of Light
• Refraction is the process of the shift of light when
Senador and it passes through a medium leading to the
Vistan bending of light.
• This phenomenon usually occurs in lenses.

Susmerano

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REPORTERS
Law of Refraction
• The incident ray, the refracted ray and the
Senador and normal at the point of incidence, all lie in the
Vistan same plane.

Susmerano

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REPORTERS

Senador and
Vistan

Susmerano

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Chats … Reflection and Refraction …
REPORTERS

Senador and
Vistan

Susmerano

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Chats … Lenses …
REPORTERS
Lenses
• Are specially shaped materials designed to
Senador and produce well-defined images by using refraction.
Vistan • They are made of transparent materials, like glass
or plastic.
• A lens can focus light to form an image, unlike a
prism, which refracts light without focusing.
Susmerano

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Chats … Lenses …
REPORTERS
Lenses and Images
• Light rays that enter a converging lens parallel to its
Senador and axis bend to meet at a point called the focal point.
Vistan • The distance from the center of the lens to the
focal point is called the focal length.
• The optical axis usually goes through the center of
the lens.
Susmerano

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Chats … Lenses …
REPORTERS
Difference of Mirror and
Lenses
Senador and Mirror  Lens 
Vistan
A lens is a transparent substance
A mirror is a glass surface with
of glass or plastic, bound by two
a silvery backing, that produces
surfaces, whose at least one
an image through reflection. 
surface is curved. 

Susmerano
It can either be plane or curved  It is usually curved 

The working principle of the The working principle of the

mirror is the law of reflection  mirror is the law of refraction 
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REPORTERS Types of Lenses
Convex Lens (Converging)
Senador and • A convex lens or converging lens focuses the
Vistan light rays to a specific point.
Concave Lens (Diverging)
• A convex lens or converging lens is a lens that
diverges a straight light beam from the source to a
diminished, upright, virtual image.
Susmerano

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REPORTERS
Classification of Lenses

Senador and Simple Lens

Vistan • A simple lens is consists of a single piece of
transparent material

Susmerano

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Compound Lens
• It is consists of several simple lenses.
Senador and • They are usually arranged along a
Vistan common axis.

Susmerano

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Chats … Lenses …
REPORTERS
Lens Maker’s Equation

Senador and This equation is usually used for lenses that give us a

Vistan relationship between the focal length, refractive index,
and radii of curvature of the two spheres used in lenses.

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝒇 𝒗 𝒖
Susmerano
Where f  is the focal length of the lens, u is
the distance of the object from the lens and v  is
the distance the image is formed from the lens.

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Magnification
Senador and • The magnification equation relates the ratio of the
Vistan image distance and object distance to the ratio of the
image height and object height.

m
Susmerano

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REPORTERS

Senador and
Vistan

Thank You For Listening!

Susmerano

San Gabriel