Convolution Description of

LTI Systems

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 Implementation of LTI
Systems

Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Infinite Impulse Response (IIR)

• Every LTI system can be implemented with delays, multipliers, and adders.

• Are IIR systems practically realizable?

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 Summary of Convolution
Properties

“Area”-based Output Scaling

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 Interconnection of LTI
Systems

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 Causality of LTI Systems

0 0  Future Present Past 

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 Stability of LTI Systems

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 Examples

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 Response of LTI Systems to
Important Test Sequences

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© 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle
 Response of LTI Systems to
Important Test Sequences

Time-domain
analysis

Transform-domain
analysis
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 2.10: Systems Described by Linear Constant-Coefficient
Difference Equations

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 Digital Filters

 A generic name for the LTI systems

 Finite-duration Impulse Response (FIR) Filter:

MATLAB implementation: y = filter(b,1,x);

 Recursive Filter:

 Infinite-duration Impulse Response (IIR) Filter:

MATLAB implementation: y = filter(b,a,x);

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 Block Diagram of an FIR
Filter

Are there any practically realizable IIR systems?

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© 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle
 Building Blocks for LTI
Systems

Arithmetic Operations

Memory

A unit delay system is a memory

location where we store a
number in a given sampling
interval and we read it in the next
sampling interval

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© 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle
 Systems with Exponential
Impulse Response Sequences

State

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© 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle
 ooooooooo

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 Recursive Computation of
Output

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 Zero-Input and Zero-State
Responses

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 Steady-State and Transient
Step Responses

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 Steady-State and Transient
Step Responses

Output grows
without limit if |a| ≥ 1

Steady-state Output “tracks” input

response

Gain calibration
Transient response

Useful systems should produce

a finite response to every finite
input  stability

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© 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle
 Total Response to a Suddenly Applied
Complex Exponential

Zero-input response Convolution sum  Zero-state response

Fourier Transform 
Steady-state response
LCCDE solution using the One-sided
z-Transform  Total response

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 Transient versus Steady-
State Responses

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 Summary of DT Systems

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 Key Properties of LTI
Systems

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© 2015 D.G. Manolakis and V.K. Ingle