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f(x) dx = F(x) + C
where
= the integral sign
f(x) dx = the integrand or differentials to be integrate
F(x) = required function
C = any arbitrary constant
Indefinite Integrals
If the function of a given derivatives or differential has an arbitrary constant C, the function is called indefinite integrals
Properties of Indefinite Integral
1. Definition of an integral
du = u + C
cdu = c du
Basic Integration Formulas
1) xn dx = +C 6) sec2 x dx = tan x + C
3) e ax dx = + C
4) cos ax dx = + C
5) sin ax dx = - + C
Examples
Solution
= 8 x3 dx - 6 x2 dx + 12 x dx - 9 dx
=8 -6 + 12 - 9 + C
=8 -6 + 12 - 9 + C
= - + - 9x + C
2) Evaluate dx
Solution
Expand the numerator and rewrite the denominator in exponential form
(see next page)
dx
dx - 3 dx + 3 dx -
= - + - +C
= - + - +C
3) (e3x - e-3x)2 dx
Solution
= (e6x - 2 + e-6x) dx
= [e6x dx - 2 + e-6x dx ]
= [ e6x - 2x - e-6x ] + C
Solution
= 5 cos 4t dt - 3 sin 2t dt
= 5 (sin 4t/4) - (-3 cos2t/2) + C
= sin 4t + cos 2t + C
5. (sec2 4t + csc2 5t) dt
Solution
= tan 4t - cot 5t + C
Definite Integral
A definite integral is an integral with upper and lower limits which are the interval values [a, b] and it is expressed by the equation
b
f (x)dx = F(b) - F(a)
a
Examples
1. Evaluate
Solution
= +x]
= +x ]
= [(2)2 + 2 ] - [(1)2 + 1]
=6 - 2 = 4
2. The integral of the sum of two functions is the sum of their
integrals
dx = +
Example
Evaluate dx
Solution
=4+8
= 4x ] - ]
= [ 4(2) - 4(1) ] - [ - ]
=[8-4]-[4-8]
=4+4
=8
3. The sign of an integral changes when the its limits of
integration interchanged.
=-
Example
Evaluate dx
Solution
=- +6
= - 5x ] + ]
= -[ 5(1) - 0 ] + 2[ - 0 ]
=-5 + 2
=-3