Vegetable Oils

 Oils are used mainly for food purposes, but both oilseeds and extracted oil
are also used in some part as animal feed.
 Oils also have industrial uses. Traditionally, these have been mainly in the
production of soap and other surface-active molecules, but increasingly they
are for energy producing purposes, such as biodiesel (B100) used in fuel
compression-ignition engines.
PT Sintong Abadi
Liquid Detergents
Manufacturing
A Process Flow Diagram
Simplified Steps
 Step 1:
Aqueous solutions, caustic and diluting water are combined with sulfonic acid. The
neutralization is nearly completed in a static mixer
 Step 2:
Fatty acid is added to the premix in a dynamic mixer and the intensive mixing as
well as the exothermal reaction leads to complete neutralization.
The product is cooled before heat sensitive additives are injected.
 Step 3:
The other additives required by the formulation are injected in a dynamic mixer for
final mixing and at the same time final viscosity and pH are continuously measured
and controlled. If necessary the end product is cooled to the filling temperature.
Block Flow Diagram for Cleaners and
Detergents Manufacturing
The Chemistry of Liquid Detergents

 Enzymes such as protease/amylase and lipase

 Antibacterial materials and disinfectants
 Foam-reducing substances
 Colour protecting substances
 Perfumes
 Ethanol for viscosity control
Edible Oil Packing
Soap Manufacturing
Soap Manufacturing
Soap Manufacturing
Soap Manufacturing
Soap Manufacturing
A Process Flow Diagram
Process for the Manufacture of Soap

 Liquid and solid ingredients are combined in a large tank and mixed into a
thick suspension called a slurry.
 The slurry is pumped to a tower, and atomized through small nozzles under
pressure to produce small drops which fall through a current of hot air, drying
them into small granules or pellets.
 The pellets pass to a finishing line where they are blended with additional
ingredients (additives) such as fragrances and colorants.
 The mixture is sent through rollers for blending to a uniform texture.
 It is then extruded, cut into bars and stamped into its final shape.
Unit operation

 Each step in the process is called a unit operation. Mixing, separating, drying,
cutting, heating and cooling are examples unit operations.
Block Flow Diagram for Soap
Manufacturing
Process Units

Process Explanation
Mixers 2 or more materials (inputs)
Reactor 1 or more chemical reactions take
place inside a reactor
Separator An input stream is separated into 2 or
more outputs by a separator. The
output from a separator have different
chemical compositions from each other
and from the input.
The change in chemical composition is
due to physical operations, not a
chemical reaction
Splitter Separates an input into 2 or more
outputs but now the outputs have the
same chemical composition
The Chemistry of Personal Care Products

 Antioxidant
 Binding Agent (oils such as olive or sunflower oil)
 Emollient
 Foaming agent
 Humectant
 Preservative
 Surfactant
 pH adjuster
 UV absorber
 Viscosity adjuster