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UNIT 14: QUANTUM
THEORY
and the Electronic Sructure of
*****
Atoms
ENTER

PRESENTED BY:
ANN MARIE L. CANDIDO
ROGELYN V. CAPAROSO
 CONTENTS

01

02

03 I. QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL

04

05
WHAT IS THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL?

01 The quantum mechanical model specifies the probability of finding

an electron in the three-dimensional space around the nucleus and
02 is based on solutions of the Schrödinger equation.

03

04

05
THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL OF ATOM STATES THAT:

01

02
1. Electrons are NOT in circular orbits around nucleus.
03
2. Electrons are in a 3-D region around the nucleus called
atomic orbitals.
04
3. The atomic orbital describes the probable location of the
05 electron.
WHERE DOES THIS MODEL COME FROM?

01

02
LOUIS DE BROGLIE:
03
Electrons behave with wave and particle properties at the same
04 time.

05
WHERE DOES THIS MODEL COME FROM?

01

02
WERNER HEISENBERG:
03
It is impossible to know both the position and velocity of an
04 electron simultaneously.

05 *Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

WHERE DOES THIS MODEL COME FROM?

01 Erwin Schrodinger:
02

03 Refined the wave-particle theory proposed by de Broglie.

Developed an equation that treated an electron like a wave and
04 predicted the probable location of an electron around the
nucleus called the atomic orbital.
05
 SCHRODINGER’S EQUATION

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02

03

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THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL

01
The Quantum Mechanical model determines
02 the allowed energies an electron can have and
how likely it is to find the electron in various
03 locations around the nucleus.

04 The probability of finding an electron within a

certain volume of space surrounding the nucleus
can be represented as a fuzzy cloud.
05
The cloud is more dense where the probability of
finding the electron is high.
 ATOMIC ORBITALS

01
Fuzzy Cloud = An atomic orbital is often
thought of as a region of space in which there is a
02 high probability of finding an electron.

03

04

05
 QUANTUM MECHANICS

01
Orbital (“electron cloud”)

02 -Region in space where there is 90% probability

of finding an e (electron)
03

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EXAMPLES OF AN ELECTRON CLOUD:

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 CONTENTS

01

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03 II. QUANTUM NUMBERS

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WHAT ARE THE QUANTUM NUMBERS?

01

02

03 The Quantum Numbers explained the arrangement and movement of

electrons, spectral lines of poly electronic atoms and gave an
04 acceptable model of an atom.

05
THE QUANTUM NUMBERS – AN ELECTRON’S ADDRESS

01 *Principal Quantum Number (n)

– this specifies the main energy level (orbit)
02
*Azimuthal Quantum Number
- information about the sub energy level (orbital)
03
*Magnetic Quantum Number (m)
04
- spatial orientations of an orbital
05 *Spin Quantum Number (s)
- spin movement of electrons
PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER (n)

01

02 *Size & Energy of an orbit/shell

03 *n = 1, 2, 3, 4,…

04 *Greater value of n represents bigger orbits

with high energies
05
*Distance from the nucleus also increases
PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER (n)

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03

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AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER

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AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER

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AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER

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MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER (m)

01

*Explains the effect of an orbital in magnetic

02
field i.e. the orientation of an orbital

03 *Orbitals split up into degenerate orbitals

(having same energy & size) in a magnetic
04 field

05 *Each degenerate orbital can hold up to 2

electrons
RELATIONSHIP OF AZIMUNTHAL AND MAGNETIC NUMBER

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PRINCIPAL, MAGNETIC, AND AZIMUNTHAL

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 SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER (s)

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 SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER (s)

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 CONTENTS

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02
III. ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF
03
AN ATOM
04

05
 BOHR’S MODEL OF THE ATOM

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 BOHR’S MODEL OF THE ATOM

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RULES FOR ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

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02
3 RULES THAT GOVERN ELECTRON
03 CONFIGURATIONS:

04 AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
05 HUND’S RULE
 AUFBAU (BUILDING-UP) PRINCIPLE

01

02
“Electrons in an atom occupy first the
lowest possible energy levels and/or
03 orbitals.”
04 Order: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f
5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p
05
 PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

“No two electrons in the same atom can have the

01 same set of four quantum numbers, i.e., the
maximum number of electron in an orbital is limited
to two.”
02
The spins have to be paired.
03
We usually represent this with an up arrow and a down
arrow.
04
Since there is only 1s orbital per energy level, only 2
05 electrons fill that orbital.
 PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

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03

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05
 HUND’S RULE

01
Hund’s rule states that when you get to degenerate
02 orbitals, you fill them all half way first, and then you
start pairing up the electrons.
03
Degenerate means they have the same energy.
04
So, the 3 p orbitals on each level are degenerate, because
05 they all have the same energy.

Similarly, the d and f orbitals are degenerate too.

EXCEPTION TO THE HUND’S RULE

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RRANGEMENT OF ELECTRONS IN THE ATOMS OF THE FIRST 10 ELEMENTS

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 CONTENTS

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IV. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF
03 ATOMS BASED ON ELECTRON
04 CONFIGURATION
05
MAGNETISM AND ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

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MAGNETISM AND ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

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MAGNETISM AND ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

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MAGNETISM AND ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

01 DIAMAGNETISM
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MAGNETISM AND ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

01 FERROMAGNETISM
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 End of the Slide

Thank You Everyone!

01 Do You Have Any Question?

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