ENERGY RESOURCES:

GEOTHERMAL,HYDROELECTRIC AND
WAT E R R E S O U R C E S
Learni J. Escote
Oct 10-14,2022
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What are renewable energy

resources?

What are some examples of

renewable energy resources?

Which renewable energy resources

do we use in the Philippines?

M O N D AY, FEBRUARY 1, 20XX 2

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ELICIT
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ELICIT/ENGAGE

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1) Characteristics of a good
source of fuel :-
i) It should have a high energy output per unit mass or volume.
ii) It should be easily available.
iii) It should be easy to store and transport.
iv) It should be economical.

2) Sources of energy :-
There are two main sources of energy. They are conventional and
non conventional sources of energy.
i) Conventional sources of energy :- are wood, flowing water
and fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas).
ii) Non conventional sources of energy :- are solar energy, wind
energy, biomass energy, ocean energy (tidal energy, wave energy,
ocean thermal energy), geothermal energy, nuclear energy etc.
Some sources of energy are renewable like sun, wind, flowing water,
ocean, wood, biomass etc.
3. Conventional sources of
ea)nFossil
e r g fuels
y : -:- are fuels formed inside the earth from the
remains of plants and animals after millions of years. The
fossil fuels are coal, petroleum and natural gas. Fossil
fuels are non renewable sources of energy so they
should be conserved and used judiciously.
Disadvantages of fossil fuels :-
i) Burning of fossil fuels release gases and harmful
particles which causes air pollution.
ii) Burning of fossil fuels release acidic oxides of sulphur
and nitrogen which causes acid rain which is harmful for
living organisms, affects soil and water, causes damage
to buildings, corrosion of metals etc.
iii) Burning of fossil fuels release a large amount of carbon
dioxide gas which increases the temperature of the
atmosphere and causes global warming (green house
effect).
b) Thermal power plants :-
In thermal power plants the heat energy produced by burning fossil
fuels like coal, petroleum or natural gas is used to heat water and
change it into steam which rotates the turbines of generators to produce
electricity.
c) Hydro power plants :-
In hydro power plants water from rivers are stored by constructing
dams. The water from the dam flows down through pipes and rotates the
turbines of generators to produce electricity.
Advantages :-
i) Flowing water is a renewable source of energy.
ii) The electricity produced does not cause pollution.
iii) The water stored in dams can also be used to control floods and
for irrigation.
Disadvantages :-
i) The initial cost is high.
ii) Large areas of land gets submerged and the decomposition of
THERMAL POWER PLANT
d) Biomass energy :-
The waste materials and dead parts of living things are
called biomass. Eg :- wood, animal dung, vegetable waste,
agricultural waste, sewage etc. Biomass is decomposed
by anaerobic microorganisms to produce biogas.
Biogas is a mixture of gases containing methane, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide.
Biogas plant :-
The biogas plant has a large underground tank made of bricks and
cement. The lower part is the digester and the upper part has a dome
with a gas outlet. On one side of the tank above the ground is a mixing
tank and on the other side is an overflow tank.
Animal dung is mixed with water in the mixing tank and the slurry is
sent into the digester. In the digester the slurry is decomposed by
anaerobic microorganisms and after a few days biogas is produced.
The gas is taken out through the gas outlet and used for heating and
lighting purposes. The slurry left behind is rich in nitrogen and
phosphorus and is used as manure for crops.
FIXED DOME TYPE BIOGAS PLANT
e) Wind energy :-
Wind energy is used in wind mills which converts the
kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical or electrical
energy. The kinetic energy of wind can be used to do
mechanical work like lifting water from wells or grinding
grains in flour mills. It can also be used to rotate the
turbines of generators to produce electricity.
A single wind mill produces only a small amount of
electricity. So a large number of wind mills in a large area
are coupled together to produce more electricity in wind
energy farms.
Advantages :-
i) It is a renewable source of energy.
ii) It does not cause pollution.
iii) The recurring cost is less.
Disadvantages :-
i) Wind is not available at all times.
ii) It requires a large area of land.
iii) A minimum wind speed of 15 km/h is required.
WIND MILL WIND ENERGY FARM
 4) Non conventional sources of
energy :-
a) Solar energy :-
Solar energy is the energy obtained from the sun in the form of heat
and light. The heat energy is used in solar heating devices like solar
cooker, solar water heater, solar furnaces etc. The light energy is used
in solar cells.
i) Solar cooker :-
The box type solar cooker has an insulated box painted black inside.
It is covered by a glass plate which allows heat to enter inside but does
not allow heat to escape out. It has a mirror to reflect more sunlight into
the box. The food to be cooked is kept in containers inside the box It
can produce a temperature of 100° to 140°.
ii) Solar water heater :-
A solar water heater has an insulated box painted black inside with a
system of copper tubes. It is covered with a glass plate which allows
iii) Solar cells :-

Solar cell is a device which converts solar energy into electrical

energy. Solar cells are made from semi conductors like silicon,
germanium, gallium etc. A single solar cell produces a voltage of about
0.5 to 1 V and produces about 0.7 W electricity. So several solar cells
are arranged in a solar panel to produce more electricity.
Advantages :-
i) It uses renewable source of energy.
ii) It produces electricity which does not cause pollution.
iii) It can be used in remote areas where there is no power supply.
Disadvantages :-
i) It uses a special grade of silicon which is expensive.
ii) Since silver is used for connecting the cells together it is more
expensive.
iii) The current produced is DC and to convert it to AC increases the
cost.
BOX TYPE SOLAR COOKER SOLAR WATER HEATER
SOLAR CELL
SOLAR PANELS SOLAR LAMP
b) Energy from the sea :-
Energy from the sea is obtained in three different forms. They are
Tidal energy, Sea wave energy and Ocean thermal energy.
i) Tidal energy :-
The periodic rise and fall of sea level due to gravitational attraction
of the moon causes tides. A dam is constructed at a narrow opening
between the land and sea. The movement of water during high tide and
low tide can be used to rotate the turbines of generators to produce
electricity.
ii) Sea wave energy :-
When strong wind blows over the sea it produces huge waves. The
kinetic energy of the moving waves can be used to rotate the turbines
of generators to produce electricity.
iii) Ocean thermal energy :-
There is a temperature difference between the warm surface water
and the cold water at the bottom of the oceans. This difference is about
20°C. The warm surface water is used to boil liquid ammonia and the
vapour is used to rotate the turbines of generators to produce
electricity. The cold water from the bottom is then pumped up to cool
the vapour back to liquid.
TIDAL ENERGY
SEA WAVE ENERGY
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY
c) Geothermal energy :-
The deeper regions of the earth’s crust is very hot. This heat melts
rocks and forms magma. The magma moves up and collects below at
some places called Hot spots. The underground water in contact with
hot spot gets heated into steam at high pressure. By drilling holes into
hot spots the steam coming out can be used to rotate turbines of
generators to produce electricity.
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
d) Nuclear energy :-
Nuclear energy is the energy is the energy released during nuclear
reactions.
During nuclear reactions some mass is converted into energy and so a very
large amount of energy is produced during nuclear reactions.
Nuclear reactions are of two types. They are Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
i) Nuclear fission :- is a nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of a heavy atom
like uranium, plutonium, etc. splits into smaller nuclei with the release of a large
amount of energy. It is used to make atom bombs and to produce electricity.
In a nuclear power plant the heat energy produced by a controlled nuclear
fission chain reaction is used to produce steam which rotates the turbines of
generators to produce electricity.
ii) Nuclear fusion :- is a nuclear reaction in which small nuclei fuse together to
form a heavier nucleus with the release of a very large amount of energy. The
energy of sun is produced by the fusion of hydrogen nuclei to form helium
nucleus. It is also used to make the hydrogen bomb.
Advantages of nuclear energy :-
i) It produces a very large amount of energy per unit mass than any other
source of energy.
ii) If safety measures are taken, it is more environment friendly than fossil fuels.
Disadvantages of nuclear energy :-
i) The cost of a nuclear reactor is very high.
ii) The availability of nuclear fuel is limited.
iii) Nuclear reactors produce harmful nuclear wastes which is difficult to
dispose.
NUCLEAR FISSION
NUCLEAR FISSION CHAIN REACTION
NUCLEAR FUSION
NUCLEAR FUSION
 Propeller Wind farm
Blade • Strong winds
• Clear hilltop
• Turbines in prevailing wind
direction
Nacelle
containing
generator

Tower

Wind
turbine
The amount of power, and therefore electricity, a wind turbine can produce is largely based on wind velocity using
this equation:
Higher wind speed =
lots more power

Power = ½ ρAV3
Larger wind turbine
= more power
ρ = air density; ~1 kg m3
A = swept area (π r2 )
Power is measured
V = velocity (m s )
-1

in Watts
How much power can be generated in this situation?

Power = ½ ρAV3

ρ = air density; ~1 kg m3
A = swept area (π r2 )
V = velocity (m s-1)

Power is measured
in Watts
• UK has 9,220 wind
turbines (Oct 2018) with a
capacity for 20.1 gigawatts
– 6th largest producer of
wind power in the world

• In 2017 17% of UK
electricity was generated
from wind power (29% by
renewables in total)
© 2014 Syon Geographical Ltd. 
25.7 MW Lauingen Energy Park in Bavarian Swabia, Germany
• Thermal solar panels are used to generate
heat energy,
• Photovoltaic (PV) cells made from silicon
turn sunlight directly into electricity
• 3.4% of total electricity was generated by
Solar PV in the UK in 2017 (29% by
renewables in total)
• South of UK has ‘solar potential’
equal to Germany which generates
7% of electricity from solar PV.
• Solar panels are expensive. You
need a lot of them and they require
rare metals such as cadmium and
indium.
• An average UK house uses around
3kW of energy each year – you
need 12-15 solar panels to
generate this much power.
UK solar energy potential
• Geothermal energy = heat
energy from the Earth
• Decay of radioactive
elements and residual heat
from planetary formation 4.5
billion years ago
• Water is pumped down into
hot rock where it is heated.
• Steam can then be used to
heat buildings directly or to
generate electricity by Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station, Iceland
spinning a turbine.
 Electricity pylon
Generator
Cooling Turbine
tower Homes and
buildings

Injection Steam
well

Hot
Cold water
water

Water is heated
• ~ 190 ˚C granite 4.5km beneath
Cornwall.
• United Downs Geothermal Energy
Project has funding to build a pilot
geothermal energy plant
• 10MW of electricity and 55MW of
heat.
• Geothermal energy beneath
Cornwall could meet all of
Cornwall’s demand for
electricity and up to 20% of the
UK’s demand. © BGS (NERC)
• Hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of
Hydroelectric
running water. dam

• Water flows downwards with gravity to spin a

Reservoir
turbine. of water
• More reliable than solar and wind power.
• Hydroelectric dams are very expensive and can Generator
harm wildlife. Turbine

• 1.5% electricity from hydroelectric schemes in

the UK (29% total)
705 GWh per year

Cruachan Power Station, Argyll and Bute, Scotland

• Biofuel - either directly from
plants or from waste.
• Main UK sources are wheat and
cooking oil
• Bioethanol – used as fuel and as a
petrol additive to increase octane
and lower carbon emissions
• Biodiesel – used as fuel and used to
reduce levels of particulates and
carbon monoxide in diesel powered
vehicles
• Biofuel makes up 3% of all UK road and non-road fuel (2016) and 9% of UK
electricity generation
• In 2016 93,000 ha were used for biofuels, 41,000 ha of this was to grow wheat
(DEFRA)
• Ethical and environmental issues
• Iceland – geothermal and
hydroelectric
• Costa Rica - hydroelectric
• Brazil- biofuels
• Iceland lies on the Mid Atlantic Ridge a region of
sea floor spreading = lots of hot rocks!

• Annual rainfall 2,000mm (UK

~885mm/year)
Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station
• 600 hot springs and 20 high-temperature steam
fields >150 °C.
• 85% of Iceland’s heating and 27% of
electricity comes from geothermal energy.
• 70% of Iceland’s electricity comes from
hydropower from glaciers and rivers.
Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station
• Hydropower saved Iceland an ~ $8.2 billion
from 1970 to 2000 and lowered its CO2
emissions by 37%.
• Still dependent on fossils fuels for ships, cars
and buses –actually one of the highest
emitters of CO2 per capita.
 Electricity generation in
• High concentration of rivers, dams, and Costa Rica 2017

volcanoes
• Annual rainfall 2,926 mm - 4th highest rainfall
per capita
• Renewable energy supplied 99% of
electricity in Costa Rica in 2017, 78% of
which was hydropower, 10% geothermal and
10% wind
• For 300 days in 2017 and again in 2018 Costa
Rica generated all of its electricity from
• Lake Arenal Dam provides enough
electricity to power 12% of Costa Rica.
• 99% electricity is from renewables but
70% energy consumption in Costa Rica is
from transport which runs on petroleum
• Costa Rica has 287 cars per 1,000 people, Lake Arenal, Costa Rica
greater than the world and Latin American
average.
• Growth in car ownership has also made
San José the most congested city in Latin
• Costa Rica’s goal is to be carbon
neutral by 2021
• Costa Rica’s hosts more than 5% of
the world’s species biodiversity
‘Blue jeans’ poison dart frog
despite its landmass covering 0.03%
of the planet. 
• Dams can environmental and social
consequences - affecting previously
healthy rivers, disrupting wildlife and
displacing indigenous communities. Monte Verde cloud forest
 Leading producers of bioethanol 2016
• Made from sugarcane
• Brazil is 2nd largest producer of
bioethanol after USA
• produced 7.295 billion US gallons of
ethanol in 2016, 27.4% of total ethanol
production.
• Replaced 42% of its gasoline needs
with bioethanol.
• 90% of new cars are flex fuel (run on either gasoline
or pure ethanol)
• Since 2003, the combination of sugarcane ethanol
and flex fuel vehicles has reduced Brazil’s emissions
of carbon dioxide by more than 350 million tons.
• Consumes rainforest land - deforestation and
biodiversity
• Emissions from bioethanol are ~ 90% lower
than those of gasoline or diesel fuels
• Emissions associated with production and land
clearing.
• Use lots of water - up to 4 litres of water are
needed to produce 1 litre of ethanol produced.
Research renewable energy in another LIC/NEE country e.g. Indonesia
a) What renewable energy resources are used?
b) What percentage of total energy use is from renewables?
c) How is the country trying to increase their use of renewables?
d) What problems may it face?
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E L A B O R AT E

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E VA L U A T I O N

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• The UK uses a mix of non-renewable and

renewable fuels
• Renewable energy resources are crucial
for lowering carbon dioxide emissions
and enabling a secure energy future
• Important renewable energy sources
SUMMARY include wind, solar, geothermal,
hydroelectric and biofuels no energy
resource is perfect - each comes with their
own positives and negatives
• Iceland, Costa Rica and Brazil renewable
energy case studies

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THANK
YOU
Presenter Name
Email Address
Website Address

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