Article 3

Bill of Rights
What are Bill of Rights?
 i s t h e
R ig h t s o n
Bi l l o f m e ra ti
The a n d e n u
a n d
ra tio n r i g h ts
decla individual g n e d to
e e s i
of th s a n d i s d
a i n s t
i le g e n s a g
priv t v i o l a ti o
i ta ti o n
pro t e c a li m .
l s a n d s t a te
i d u a f t h e
indiv p o w e r o
n t h e
upo
 There are three classifications of Human Rights.

Constitutional Statutory
Natural Rights
Rights Rights
Rights Possessed

Rig Not

to ht
granted
by

GOD Lo
ve
Conferred

What are Natural Rights?

 Political Rights Civil Rights Social and Economic Rights of the
Rights Accused

Rights that give

citizens the power
to participate
directly/indirectly, Rights that secure
in the every individual of Rights that ensure Rights intended for
establishment or the enjoyment of the well-being and the protection of a
administration of their means of economic security of person accused of
government. happiness. the individual. any crime.

What are Constitutional Rights?

 Right
agains Co
ht to t ns
Rig decep
tive Rig meu
Sell sales a
ct hts r

These are rights that are promulgated by laws through law-making

bodies, and may, be abolished by the same body.

What are Statutory Rights?

Positive Rights:
Right to…
Freedom to…

2 Kinds of Rights According to Quality

Negative Rights:
Right against…
Freedom against…
 on 1
Secti
 ve d o f
d e p r i
h a l l b e ty
rs o n s r o p e r
No p e y, o r p aw
li b e r t ss o f l
lif e , p ro c e i e d
t d u e e d e n
i th o u rs o n b e
w n y p e n o f t h
s h a l l a e c ti o
no r l p r o t
e q u a
of t h e a w s .
l
Due Process of Law
Due Process of Law

Due process of law is meant that if a person is

deprived of life, liberty, or property by the State, it
must be done only under the authority of a valid
law and after compliance with the regular methods
of procedure prescribed by the law.
 Due Process of Law

Procedural Due Process Substantive Due Process

It refers a procedure: “which hears

before it condemns, which proceeds This tells us that the law itself must
upon inquiry, and renders judgment be fair, reasonable and just.
only after trial.”
What is the difference between the two?
Procedural Due Process Substantive Due Process

Elements of Procedural Due

Process :
a. Notice and hearing
Substantive Due Process:
b. Jurisdiction over the person
or subject matter
The State must not exercise
c. Impartial court or tribunal
arbitrary power.
d. Defendant or party is given
chance to be heard, and
e. Judgment is given only after
lawful hearing.
Equal Protection Clause
 Each person is dealt equally in law.

But, the reality is that people and things, circumstances, are

situated differently.

Thus, this means that, everyone belonging to the same class

must be treated in the same way.

Similarly situated persons/things must be treated similarly.

 on 2
Secti
 t o b e t o b e
eo p le , c a u s e
f th e p o u s e s a b l e y th e
g h t o n s , h p r o b a ll y b
The ri their perso gainst up o n
n e d p e rs o n
n u n d e r
re i n c t s a r m i i n a ti o
secu s a n d e ff e
h e s a n d dete e r e x a m
o f t h e
pa p e r se a r c n d d ge a ft a ti o n s h e
n a b l e t u re a j u r a ffi r m n e ss e
o a it
s
unrea whatever
n
l l b e oath o and the w cularly
e s o f e s h a t a in a n t p a r ti
se i z u r u rp o s a r ra n o m p l e , a n d b e
n y p rc h w c o d u c c e t o
for a d n o s e a
l is s u e ma y p r
g th e p la
n s o r
b le , a n t s h a l c r ib in p e r s o
v io l a f a r r e s des d th e
in ra n t o h e d a n i ze d .
w a r e p t … e a rc b e s e
or ex c s g s to
thin
 Searches
Warrant Issued
Seizures
Illegal by
the Judge
Arrests
 4. The warrant must particularly describe the place to be
searched and the person or thing to be seized.

3. Such judge must examine under oath that complainant

and the witnesses that he may produce.

2. “Probable cause” must be determined personally by the

judge.

1. Must be issued upon “probable cause.”

Valid Search and Arrest Warrants

When are the searches, seizures and arrests are invalid?
 An evidence obtained illegally is inadmissible in any
proceeding.

Any evidence acquired illegally is excluded from being

considered by the judge, there is a great probability
that the accused may be acquitted.
 Allowable warrantless searches.

1. A person who is validly arrested may be 2. An officer who legally enters a premise
searched in his person. and sees an illegal object may seize it.

3. A moving vehicle, with reasonable

4. One who consents to be searched maybe
suspicion, may be stopped and searched for
searched without a warrant.
criminal activity.

5. Searches may be made without a warrant

at customs or airports prior to boarding.
Warrantless Arrests

1. When the person to be arrested has committed, is actually

committing, or is attempting to commit an offense.

2. When an offense has in fact been committed, and he has

personal knowledge of facts indicating that the person to be
arrested has committed it

3. When the person is an escapee from a penal

establishment.
The Controversial Arrest for Senator Trillanes
 on 3
Secti
 a c y o f i n
e p r iv a in e d
(1) T h n a n d c e o b t
n i c a ti o e v i d e n th e
m u h a l l b A n y e i s o r
com d e n c e s
f u l (2) o n o f t h
a l l b e
sp o n o n l aw v i o l a ti o n s h
corre except up h e n d i n g s e c ti
p u r p o se
l a b l e t , o r w prec e o r a n y
in v io e c o u r u i re s s ib l e f g .
r o f t h e r r e q ad m i s c e e d in
o r d e o r o r d b y in y p r o
li c s af e ty
e s c r i b e d in an
pu b a s p r
e r w i s e
o th law.
 Letters Telephone calls

This section covers?

Emails
Messages
Is the privacy of communication and correspondence
absolute?
 NO!

Anti-Wiretapping Law Anti-Terrorism Law

Court-Authorized taps are allowed for the crimes of:

“treason, espionage, provoking war and disloyalty in case of war, piracy, mutiny in the
high seas, rebellion, conspiracy and proposal to commit rebellion, inciting rebellion,
sedition, conspiracy to commit sedition, kidnapping.”
Facebook and its Relationship with our
Privacy
 on 4
Secti
 a s se d
ll b e p
w s h a o m o f
N o l a f re e d
n g t h e , o r o f
id gi s i o n
abr f e x p r e s
o f t h e
c h , o r i g h t
spee s, o r th e
ss e m b le
e p r e s l y t o a
t h c e a b m e n t
l e p e a o v e r n
pe o p t h e g s.
e ti ti o n v a n c e
and p o f g r i e
e d re s s
fo r r
 Freedom of Expression

Why is this guaranteed in the

Constitution?

1. Essential for the search of truth.

2. Essential for democracy to work.

3. Essential for the citizens to promote

self-realization and self-determination.
 Section 4 also guarantees for the prohibition against Prior Restraint.

What is Prior Restraint?

The actual and official

governmental restrictions
Prior of the press and other
Restraint forms of expression in
advance actual prohibition
or dissemination.
 Libel
Freedom of Speech is not an absolute right.
A public and malicious imputation
of a crime, or of a vice or a defect,
real or imaginary, or any act,
omission, condition, status or
circumstance tending to cause the
dishonor, discredit, or contempt
of a natural or juridical person, or
to blacken the memory of one
who is dead. (Revised Penal Code)
Obcenity
“…any work, taken as a whole,
appeals to the prurient interest…
(b) the work depicts or describes
in a patently offensive way, sexual
conduct…(c) whether the work,
taken as a whole, lacks serious
literary, artistic, political or
scientific value.” (Miller v
California)
Rappler and Duterte’s Messy Relationship
 on 5
Secti
 e c ti n g
e r e s p
e m a d n , o r
sh a l l b r e l i g i o
l aw n t o f s e
No b l i s h m e e x e r c i
n e st a e fre e n d
a ti n g t h r c i s e a
i b i x e
proh The free e i o u s
r e o f . f r e l i g u t
t he y m e n t o
p , w i t h o
enjo o rs h i ,
a n d w r e n c e
s s i o n r p r e fe
pro f e ti o n o d . N o
i m i n a l l o w e
discr rever be a r e q u i re d
o e
shall f test shall b ivil or
i o u s e o f c
relig e e xe r c i s
s .
for t h l r i g h t
ca
politi
1. State may not establish or sponsor
a religion.
1. State can’t prohibit a person from
choosing his/her religion.
2. Prohibits the direct support of
institutional religion.
2. State can’t force a person from
3. Prohibition on direct and indirect choosing his/her religion.
aid if the support means preference
of one religion to the other.

Non-Establishment Clause Free Exercise Clause

 on 6
Secti
 n d o f
o d e a
y o f a b i n t h e
l i b e r t e w i th
Th e e s a m s h a l l
i n g t h y l a w
g
chan rescribed b pt upon
i t s p d e x c e
lim m p a i r e c o u r t.
e i t h e
not b o rd e r o f
t o t r a v e l
la w f u l r i g h t
a l l t h e n t h e
h e r s h c e p t i
Neit p a i r e d e x
s e c u r i ty ,
be i m ti o n a l t h ,
o f n a c h e a l
te r e s t p u b l i
in e t y, o r y l a w .
l ic s a f i d e d b
p u b p r o v
a y b e
as m
 Liberty of Abode Liberty of Travel

No one is compelled to
change his/her home Can be impaired, but not
except in accordance with arbitrarily.
law.
Grounds: National security,
Villavicencio v Lukban public safety, and public
health.

Freedom of Movement
Are quarantines necessarily bad?
 on 7
Secti
 p le t o
e p e o li c
to f t h f p u b
rig h e r s o
The o n m a tt
n iz e d .
ati o n re c o g o
info r m a ll b e a n d t
r n s h o rd s ,
conce official rec pertaining
e ss t o a p e r s o r
Acc , a n d p ti o n s ,
m e n t s r a n s a c
do c u a c t s , t s t o
ffi c ia l w e ll a a s
to o n s , a s a u s e d
io a t
decis esearch d n t , s h a ll
e n t r l o p m e
ve r n m d ev e je c t t o
go r p o li c y n , s u b
fo i ti z e
basis d e d t h e c
s m a y b e
ffo r on s a
be a li m ita ti
l aw .
suc h e d b y
provi d
 Right to Information

Right of Access to Official

Records and Documents

Information that be withheld to the public:

1. National security matters

2. Confidential diplomatic matters
3. Trade secrets and banking transactions
4. Identity of informants in criminal
investigation
 on 8
Secti
 o p l e ,
t h e p e
h t o f y e d i n
e r i g m p lo
Th h o s e e c to rs
di n g t a t e s e
in cl u d p r i v n s ,
b l i c a n o c i a tio
th e p u s , a ss o t
u n i o n o s e s n
o fo r m r p u r p e
t tie s fo n o t b
c i e a l l
or so y to law sh
n t r a r e d .
co abrid g
 Right of Association

Right to organize is a very basic human drive.

Right to strike is also guaranteed.

The Supreme Court ruled that employees of SSS and public school
teachers can’t wage a strike.
Right to Organize
 on 9
Secti
 n o t b e
s ha l l
o pe r t y th ou t
a te p r s e w i
P r i v u bl i c u
fo r p ati o n .
ta k en p e n s
o m
just c
 Taking Usage Compensation

Just compensation
The property The property must be given to the
owner.
must be private must be used for Compensation must be
in nature. public use. equal to the property’
market value.

Eminent Domain
 on 1 0
Secti
 n g th e
p a ir i e
la w i m ra c ts b
N o f c o n t
ti on s o
obl i ga se d .
pas
Impairment of Contract

“There is an impairment of contract when a law

changes the terms of legal contract between
parties either in time or mode of performance, or
imposes new conditions, r dispenses with those
expressed, or authorizes for its satisfaction
something different from that provided in its
terms.”
 on 1 1
Secti
 ts a n d
e c o u r
s t o t h a n d
a cc e s o d ie s
Fre e i c i a l b s h a ll
s i- j u d st an c e
q ua l a ss i o n
t e l e g a y p e rs
eq u a t o a n
ad d e n i e d
e r ty .
t b e f p o v
no a s o n o
by r e
 Acco
r
PAO ding t
’s w o
ebsi
te:
 on 1 2
Secti
 g a tio n
i n v e s ti
u n d e r e n se
e r s o n a n o ff
A n y p i o n o f m e d
(1 ) m is s in f o r
h e c o m t t o b e t o
fo r t e ri g h n t a n d
a v e t h in s il e n t
sha l l h r e m a p e n d e
i g h t t o i n d e
f h i s r n t a n d o w n
o m p e te o f h is
v e c o e ra b l y a ff o r d
ha e l p r e f
c a n n o t
co u n s rs o n m u st
th e p e l , h e
ic e . I f o u n s e e
cho e s o f c . T h e s
s e r v i c th o n e t in
th e e d w i e x c ep
p r o v id a iv e d
b e b e w n c e o f
a n n o t p r e s e
h t s c t h e
rig g a n d in
r i ti n u n se l.
w co
 le n c e ,
c e , v io r
r e , f o r o th e
t o rt u o r a n y
(2)No timidation e free will
e a t , in a te t h re t
th r i c h v iti m . S e c
n s w h in s t h i
me a d a g a it a r y ,
b e u s e s , s o l r
sh al l p la c e s im i la
ti o n h e r
deten cado, or ot ohibited.
m u n i a r e p r
incom detention
m s o f
for
 is s i o n
o r a d m
e s s io n th i s o r
y c o n f o n o f
(3) A n v i o l a ti b e
e d in f s h al l
obta i n h e r e o ain st
n 1 7 c e a g
Sectio le in eviden
m is sib .
in a d h i m
 p e n a l
d e fo r
p r o v i n s o f
s h a ll io l ati o
e l a w fo r v
(4) Th sanctions well as
d c iv il o n a s
an s s e c ti o a n d
thi sa ti o n t
to r t u re
p e n s o f
com o f v i c ti m
h e i r
a ti o n , a n d t
h a b il it c ti c e s
re la r pr a
r s i m i i li e s .
o fam
 Miranda Doctrine

1. You have the right to remain silent when questioned.

2. Anything you say or do may be used against you in a court of law
3. You have the right to consult an attorney before speaking to the police and to
have an attorney present during questioning now or in the future.
4. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you before any
questioning, if you wish.
5. If you decide to answer any questions now, without an attorney present, you
will still have the right to stop answering at any time until you talk to an attorney.
6. Knowing and understanding your rights as I have explained them to you, are
you willing to answer my questions without an attorney present?
 Rights of a Person under Investigation

1.Right to remain silent

2.Right to counsel
3.Rights to be informed of such rights

Prohibitions on, are enumerated as:

1.Secret Detention Places (safe-houses)

2. Solitary Detention
3.Incommunicado Detention Places
Self-Incrimination
 An act of accusing oneself to a crime for which a
Self-Incrimination person can then be prosecuted.

Inadmissibility of Forced Confession and Admission

Admission
An act, declaration or omission of
party as to a relevant fact.
Confession
Declaration of an accused
acknowledging his guilt of the
offense charged, or of any offense
necessarily included therein.
How Justice is Served in the Philippines?
 on 1 3
Secti
 a r g e d
o se c h
e p t t h b y
s , e x c h a b l e
e rs o n p u n is e n c e
A ll p n s e s e v id
th o ff e w h e n
w i p e t u a e f o r e
n p e r h a ll , b
cl u s i o o n g , s b y
re t i s s t r ila b l e
u i l b a e d
of g ti o n , b e
e r e le a s
conv i c s, o r b
u r e ti e a y b e
c i e n t s e a s m a i l
su ffi n iz a n c t to b
r e c o g e r ig h e
o n a w . T h e n t h
d b y l e n w h
r o v i d e r e d e v e a s
p i m p a i o f h a b
l l n o t e w r it i v e
sha g e o f t h
. E x c e s s
privile suspende quired. d
r p u s i s b e re
co a l l n o t
b a i l s h
 1.Right to be presumed innocent.
2.Bail: “mode short of confinement which would,
with reasonable certainty, insure the attendance of
the accused.”
3.Bail is not warranted if:
a. the offense is punishable by
reclusion perpetua and
b. evidence of guilt is strong.

Right to Bail
 on 1 4
Secti
 e l d to
l l b e h
o n s h a e ns e
o p e r s i na l off
(1 ) N a c ri m la w .
e r fo r e s s o f
a n sw e p ro c
o u t d u
with
 n s , t h e e s s
c u ti o y p r o c
p ro s e d p u ls o r
im i n a l s u m e c o m c e o f
a ll c r e p r e s o h a v e n d a n
) In s h a llb tr a r y i
… an d t
t h e a tt e
ti o n o f
u se d e c o n t u re o d uc
acc u n ti l t h
t h e r ig h t o se c
d t h e p r
w e v e r,
o c e n t n j o y e s a n l f. H o
inn s h a lle f a n d it n e s s
is b e h a
l m a y
d , a n d im s e l w e in h t, t r i a
prove heard by h e d o f t h e
ev id e n c
rr a i g n m e n
in g th e
t o b e i n f o rm r t h e a st a n d d
t o b e f t h e a ft e o tw i th ro v id e
s e l , u se o a ed n e d p
coun re and ca , t o h a v e p ro c e
t h e a c c u s
fi e d a n d
na tu s t h i m ri al , c e o f ly n o ti
a g a in u b lic t a b s e n e n d u i s
s a ti o n a n d p h a s b e p e a r
a c c u r ti a l, a c e t o a t h e to a p
, i m p a ss e s f th f a il u r e .
e d y i t n e h i s a b l e
spe et t h e w
u n j u s ti fi
to m e …
face,
Philippine Criminal Justice System

Presumption of Innocence

“…no person shall be convicted unless the

prosecution has proved him guilty beyond
reasonable doubt.”

But in Prima Facie cases…

Prima Facie (denotes evidence that that would prove a

particular proposition); then the burden of proof changes.
 Right to Be Heard includes:

1. Right to be present at the trial

2. Right to counsel

3. Right to an impartial judge.

4. Right of confrontation
5. Right to compulsory process to secure the
attendance of witness.
 on 1 5
Secti
 r i t o f
f t h e w
i l eg e o o t b e
p r i v h a ll n
The c o r p u s s
a s e s o f
a s i n c
habe d e xc e p t
h e n th e
pe n d e l i o n w
sus re b e l i t.
i o n o r q u ir e s
invas c safety re
publi
A writ, a legal action, that requires a person under arrest to
be brought before a judge or a court.

An order issued by a judge to a person detaining another to

bring the detainee to court and to justify his detention.

Writ of Habeas Corpus

“It is to inquire into all manner of involuntary restraint as

distinguished from voluntary, and to relieve a person
therefrom is such restraint is illegal.”
 on 1 6
Secti
 r ig h t
v e t h e
h a l l h a o f
s o ns s s i tio n
e r sp o
Al l p p e e d y d i
l j u d i c i a l ,
to a s o r e a l
e s b e f r
ca s a l , o
their uasi-judici dies.
q ti ve b o
i n i st r a
ad m
What if the speedy disposition of cases is violated?
Remedy!

The aggrieved party can ask a dismissal of a case

through mandamus.

Mandamus:  is a judicial remedy — in the form of an order from a

superior court, to any government subordinate court, corporation of
public authority— to do (or forbear from doing) some specific act
which that body is obliged under law to do (or refrain from doing) —
and which is in the nature of public duty, and in certain cases one of
a statutory duty.
 on 1 7
Secti
 p e l l ed
b e c o m
sh a l l in st
erso n ss a ga
No p w i t n e
b e a .
to se l f
h im
 Right Against Self-Incrimination

Self-Incrimination: the constitutional right of a person to refuse to answer

questions or otherwise give testimony against himself or herself which will
subject him or her to an incrimination.

A person may incriminate himself/herself by:

a. Testimony
b. Private books
c. Private letters
 on 1 8
Secti
 h a l l b e
rs o n s s o n
N o p e b y r e a
(1) d s o le ly
s a n d
ta i n e b e l i ef
de li ti c a l
p o
of his spirations. ude
a s e r v i t
u n t a r y st
i nv o l a ll e x i
N o s h
(2) fo r m e n t
in any a punishm e
p t a s e o f th
exce m e w h e r
d u l y
r a c r i b e e n
fo ll h a v e
ty s h a d .
p a r n v i c t e
c o
 Involuntary servitude exists as a
punishment as: forced labor.
NSTP, ROTC, CWTS are not grounds for
involuntary servitude, instead these are
faculties of the state that the citizens
that incurred of as duties and
responsibilities.
 on 1 9
Secti
 n o t b e
s s h a l l
e fi n e r a d i n g
c e s si v l , d e g
(1) Ex r c r u e n t
e d , n o i s h m e
s
impo human pu n a t h
n h a l l d e
or i th e r s fo r
d . N e i u n le s s
fl i c t e o s e d , g
in e i m p v o l v i n
a l ty b o n s i n s
pe n g r e a s n g r e s
p e l l i n t h e C o
c o m i m e s , t . A n y
o u s c r s f o r i
h e i n ro v i d e y
a ft e r p a l r e a d
he r e e n a l t y d to
e a th p e d u c e
d l l b e r
e d s h a t u a .
i m p o s p e r p e
l u s i o n
rec
 e n t o f
p l o y m r
h e e m i c a l , o
(2 ) T c h o l o g s t
l , p s y t a g a i n
ic a e n
phys p u n i s h m
e e , o r
ra d i n g d e ta i n
deg n e r o r r d o r
p r is o ta n d a
any o f s u b s
c i l i ti e s
u s e a l f a
the a te p e n
i ti o n s
e q u c o n d
inad b h u m a n
la w .
r su th b y
unde d e a l t w i
a l l b e
sh
Punishments must be:

Furman v Georgia:

1.Must not be severe as to degrade the dignity of

human beings.
2.Must not be applied arbitrarily.
3.Must not be unacceptable to contemporary
society.
4.Must not be excessive.
Davao Death Squads as Degrading Forms of
Punishment
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 u l d b e
o n s h o o n -
p e rs t o r n
No fo r d eb
.
i s on e d o ll ta x
im p r o f a p
m e n t
pa y
If a person debts and can not pay his indebtedness, can
he be imprisoned, as payment, for it?

NO!

But if a person has committed a crime relating to non-

payment of debts, through bad faith or malice, i.e., Estafa,
yes, he can be imprisoned.
Bad Faith

Latin: Malafides

Means double mindedness or double heartedness in

duplicity, fraud, or deception.

Can be expressed through faith, belief, attitude, and

loyalty.
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 c e p u t
e t w i
s h a l l b n t o f
e rso n i sh m e
N o p o f p u n c t i s
p a r d y I f a n a
in j eo e n se . n
m e o ff a n d a
the s a y a l a w r
s h e d b tio n o
pu n i c o n v i c l l
a n c e , e r s h a
ord i n e r e i th r
a l u n d n o th e
i tt to a
acqu te a b a r e a c t.
tu sa m
consti on for the
s e cu ti
pro
Double Jeopardy

“…To be prosecuted more than once

for the same offense..”
 Double jeopardy ends:

1.Once the accused is acquitted or

convicted.
2.Dismissal of the charges.
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 b i ll o r
l aw o r
t fa c to cte d .
e x- p o s e en a
N o s h a l l b
i n d e r
atta
 Ex-Post Facto Law

A. Which makes a criminal an action done before passing a

law, which was innocent when done and punishes such action

B. Which aggravates the crime

C. Which changes the punishment and inflicts greater

punishment.

D. Which alters the legal rules of evidence.

 Bill of Attainder

A legislative act which inflicts punishment without

judicial trial.

Example:
Law that makes all Filipinos who served under the
Japanese government may not hold public offices.
Have their human rights been violated?
If so, what human rights have been violated in this instance?
Thank you!